- 1/ Consumer Price Index prior to 2000 not available due to change in the consumption basket in 2000.
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- 1/ From 2003, data is based on the 2003 population census.
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- 1/ Includes debt rescheduled in 1996.
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- 1/ Index 1990=100; Fund staff calculations.
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- 1/ The number of cattle declined in 2004 owing to a disease.
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- 2/ For education, data for 1999 corresponds to the 1998/1999 year.
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- 2/ Includes debt cancellations in 1994.
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- 2/ Since 1999 data based on new agricultural survey.
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- 3/ Includes the training school for teachers. 2004 data is from the University of Comoros, excluding Anjouan.
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- 3/ Index 1990=100; calculated by the Fund staff.
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- 5/ Includes the Kartala, and, since 1986, the Relais de Singali hotels.
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Chinn, Menzie D., and Eswar S. Prasad, 2003, “Medium-term Determinants of Current Accounts in Industrial and Developing Countries: an Empirical Explorationâ€. Journal of International Economics vol. 59, pp.47–76.
Chudik, A., and J. Mongardini, 2007, “In Search of Equilibrium: Estimating Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates in Sub-Saharan African Countries,†IMF Working Paper No. 07/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Di Bella G., M. Lewis, and A. Martin, 2007, “Assessing Competitiveness and Real Exchange Misalignment in Low-Income Countries,†IMF Working Paper No. 07/201 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Edwards, S., 1989, “Exchange Rate Misalignment in Developing Countries,†World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3–21.
- Faruqee, H., P. Isard, and P.R. Masson, 1999, “A Macroeconomic Balance Framework for Estimating Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates,†in Equilibrium Exchange Rates, ed. by R. MacDonald and J. Stein (Amsterdam: Kluwer).
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Isard, P., and H. Faruqee, eds., 1998, “Exchange Rate Assessment: Extensions of the Macroeconomic Balance Approach,†IMF Occasional Paper No. 167 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi, 2008, “Governance Matters VII: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators, 1996–2007,†World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4654. Available at: www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.
- Lee, J., G.M. Milesi-Ferretti, and L. Ricci, 2006, “Methodology for CGER Exchange Rate Assessments,†(photocopy) downloaded from: www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2006/110806.pdf (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
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Masson, Paul, 1989, “A Globally Consistent Conceptual Frameworkâ€, in Exchange Rate Assessment: Extensions of the Macroeconomic Balance Approach, IMF Occasional paper No. 167, Ed. By Peter Isard and Hamid Faruqee. Washington 29 Pesaran, M. Hashem, Y Shin, and R.J. Smith, 1999, “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Long-run Relationships,†Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 9907 (Cambridge, UK: Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge).
- Table 12. Comoros: Indicators of Tourism Activity, 2000-07 42 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Population and employment Total population (in thousands) 539 550 562 576 588 600 Labor force (in thousands) 138.0 141.0 143.0 146 148.0 151 Of which: wage earners ... ... ... ... Unemployed (in thousands) 1/ 21,8 21,4 21,1 20,8 20,4 20,1 Unemployed (in percent of labor force) 15,8 15,3 14,8 14,3 13,8 13,3 Education (number of pupils) Primary enrollment 91,553 94,249 94,405 103,334 108,453 … Public 84,468 83,875 86,906 93,763 99,424 … Private 7,085 10,374 10,499 9,571 9,029 … Secondary enrollment 29,125 33,049 35,193 38,203 38,763 … Vocational schools 2/ 159 ... 49 69 ... … Higher education 3/ 649 ... 1,227 1,707 2,087 … Source: Directorate of Statistics; Ministry of Health, Social Affairs, and Education.
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- Table 17. Comoros: Fiscal Operations of the Union and Island Governments, 2005-07 2005 2006 47 2005 2006 2007 Basic salaries 11,698 12,216 12,839 Allowances 817 739 1865 Function 360 331 891 Housing 238 205 238 Transfer 55 53 48 Teaching (teachers) 19 0 525 Indemnité de sujétion 53 48 58 Indemnité de remise 92 102 106 Other salaries (rappels) 10 59 152 Employer contributions 346 191 196 Total 12,871 13,205 15,052 Source: General Directorate of Budget/Civil Service, Ministry of Finance.
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- Table 2. Comoros: Gross Domestic Product by Sector at 1990 Constant Prices, 2000-07 (Annual percentage change) (In millions of Comorian francs) 32 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Public consumption 12,649 19,570 22,834 20,728 20,557 20,643 22,374 23,823 Private consumption 101,314 107,761 113,734 125,474 135,250 151,113 159,762 170,921 Gross fixed capital formation 10,882 12,165 14,457 14,575 13,438 14,253 14,577 17,314 Exports of goods and services 18,044 18,783 20,654 24,774 21,703 21,846 22,448 24,672 Imports of goods and services -35,078 -37,264 -40,385 -44,114 -47,352 -54,744 -61,048 -69,604 GDP at market prices 107,811 121,015 131,293 141,437 143,596 153,112 158,114 167,126 Factor income 182 392 -407 -1,282 -855 -427 163 716 Gross national product 107,993 121,407 130,887 140,155 142,741 152,685 158,276 167,843 Sources: Directorate of Statistics; and Fund staff estimates.
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Table 22. Comoros: Summary Statement of the Bank for Industry and Commerce, 2000-07 (In millions of Comorian francs; end of period) 53 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Central bank rates 6.4 4.9 4.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 5.0 5.4 Claims on government 6.4 4.9 4.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 5.0 5.4 Deposits from Treasury 4.9 3.4 3.1 2.1 2.0 2.3 3.4 3.7 Discount rate Commercial bank lending rate 9.0/15.0 9.0/15.0 9.0/15.0 8.0/14.0 8.0/14.0 8.0/14.0 7.0/14 7.0/14 Depositor rates Demand deposits 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Time deposits 4/ 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 Savings deposits 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 Source: Central Bank of the Comoros.
- Table 25. Comoros: Balance of Payments, 2000-07 (In millions of Comorian francs unless otherwise indicated) 56 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Vanilla Value 4,105 5,400 6,600 9,130 3,407 1,343 1,009 1,274 Volume 159 120 112 83 38 78 60 73 Unit value 25,818 45,000 60,000 110,000 89,658 17,218 16,817 17,452 Clove buds Value 2,012 2,433 2,112 1,563 2,883 2,059 2,054 2,866 Volume 1,556 1,106 1,616 2,605 2,880 1,500 1,670 2,722 Unit value 1,293 2,200 3,000 600 1,001 1,373 1,230 1,053 Ylang-ylang Value 887 999 1,033 644 825 1,000 913 711 Volume 40 40 58 43 33 40 40 31 Unit value 22,175 24,975 17,810 15,442 25,000 25,000 22,825 20,677 Other products Value 259 312 312 338 267 545 114 114 Total value 7,263 9,144 10,057 11,675 7,382 4,947 4,090 4,965 Memorandum item: Export price index 1/ 165 261 258 453 299 174 166 155 Source: General Directorate of Customs.
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- Table 3. Comoros: Source and Use of Resources at Current Market Prices, 2000-07 (In millions of Comorian francs) 33 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Public consumption 8,913 12,694 14,218 12,277 11,964 11,744 12,479 12,633 Private consumption 71,386 69,896 70,817 74,318 78,715 85,970 89,108 90,635 Gross fixed capital formation 7,667 7,891 9,001 8,633 7,821 8,109 8,130 9,181 Exports of goods and services 12,714 12,183 12,860 14,674 12,631 12,428 12,520 13,083 Imports of goods and services-24,716-24,170-25,146-26,128-27,559-31,144-34,050-36,909 GDP at market prices 75,964 78,493 81,750 83,773 83,572 87,107 88,189 88,622 Factor income 128 254-253-759-498-243 91 380 Gross national product 76,092 78,747 81,497 83,013 83,075 86,864 88,279 89,002 Sources: Directorate of Statistics; and Fund staff estimates.
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- Table 5. Comoros: Food Crop Production, 2000-07 (In metric tons, unless otherwise indicated) 35 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cattle 1/ 50,000 50,000 55,000 50,000 63,828 60,637 63,457 65,573 Sheep 20,000 20,000 21,000 21,000 16,271 17,085 17,814 18,219 Goats 2/ 170,000 170,000 175,000 180,000 95,830 119,788 121,385 122,450 Poultry 2/ 220,050 235,050 260,050 300,050 310,000 340,000 344,474 353,421 Semi-industrial aviculture Meat 2/ 50,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 147,000 147,000 152,654 158,308 Eggs 10,000 15,000 20,000 40,000 80,000 100,000 107,692 108,462 Source: Directorate of Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Production, Marine Resources, and Environment.
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- Table 6. Comoros: Livestock, 2000-07 (In numbers of head) 36 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Meat and fish (in metric tons, unless other inidated) Cattle 1,630 1,660 2,226 1,700 2,055 2,017 2,138 2,164 Sheeps 34 34 36 36 28 29 31 32 Goats 314 314 345 415 524 564 600 626 Poultry 214 233 266 318 166 198 205 213 Fresh fish 13,730 14,809 15,387 15,965 16,000 16,200 16,753 … Miscellaneous Milk (in thousands of liters) 4,001 4,001 4,331 4,001 4,208 3997 3,997 4,367 Eggs (in thousands) 6,001 7,001 8,001 12,001 20,500 24,500 24,500 24,826 Source: Directorate of Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Production, Marine Resources, and Environment.
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- Table 7. Comoros: Production of Meat, Fish, and Dairy Products, 2000-07 37 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Vanilla (green) 323 241 323 295 286 395 395 395 Cloves 2582 2725 2869 3013 2631 3000 3000 3000 Clove buds 303 320 337 354 309 351 254 157 Ylang-ylang 1/ Flowers (units) 2121 2120 3074 2279 2120 2350 2161 1988 Essence 40 40 58 43 40 47 34 25 Sources: Comorian Office of Vanilla; and Directorate of Projects, Ministry of Agricultural Production, Marine Resources, and Environment.
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- Table 8. Comoros: Export Crop Production, 2000-07 (In metric tons, unless otherwise indicated) 38 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Vanilla 1/ Producer price (green vanilla) 2/ 2,000-2,500 5,750 5,000 8,900 3,500 750 1500 … Export price, f.o.b. (dried vanilla) 25,818 45,040 51,000 90,000 31,220 11,353 16,817 17,452 Ylang-ylang Producer price (flowers) 217 264 153 150 150 150-200 … … Export price, f.o.b. (essence) 22,175 24,975 14,694 20,951 21,200 25,000 20,677 20,677 Cloves Producer price 900-1,200 1,089 1,903 1,177 600-900 900-1000 … … Export price, f.o.b. 1,293 2,200 1,307 600 1,000 1,373 1,230 1,053 Sources: Comorian Office of Vanilla; and General Directorate of Customs. 1/ The yield from 5 kilograms of green vanilla is about 1 kilogram of dried vanilla. 2/ Floor prices.
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World Bank, 2008, Doing Business Indicators, 2009, http://www.doingbusiness.org.