Abaluck, J. and J. Gruber (2011) âChoice Inconsistencies Among the Elderly: Evidence from Plan Choice in the Medicare Part D Program.â American Economic Review, 101(4), 1180-1210.
Berndt, Ernst and Joseph P. Newhouse (2010). âPricing and Reimbursement in US Pharmaceutical Marketsâ NBER Working Paper No. 16297 Brooks, J. M., A. Dor, and H. S. Wong (1997). Hospital-insurer bargaining: an empirical investigation of appendectomy pricing. J Health Econ 16(4): 417-34.
- BusinessWeek (2006). Plan A: Hook Them With Part D. BusinessWeek.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Carson, R. and Y. Sun (2007). âThe Tobit model with a non-zero thresholdâ Econometrics Journal v10, pp. 488â502.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Chipty, T., and C. M. Snyder (1999). The Role of Firm Size in Bilateral Bargaining: A Study of the Cable Television Industry. Review of Economics and Statistics 81(2): 326-40.
- Congressional Budget Office (2007) âThe Long-Term Outlook for Health Care Spendingâ Pub.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Duggan, M. and Fiona Scott-Morton (2006). The Distortionary Effects of Government Procurement: Evidence for Medicaid Prescription Drug Purchasing. Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 2006, 1-30 Duggan, M., and F. Scott Morton (2010). The Effect of Medicare Part D on Pharmaceutical Prices and Utilization, American Economic Review, vol. 100(1), pages 590-607 Ellison, S. and C. Snyder (2008). âCountervailing Power in Wholesale Pharmaceuticals,â forthcoming , The Journal of Industrial Economics Englehardt, Gary and Jonathan Gruber (2010). Medicare Part D and the Financial Protection of the Elderlyâ NBER Working Paper No. 16155 Ericson, Keith (2010). âMarket Design when Firms Interact with Inertial Consumers: Evidence from Medicare Part Dâ mimeo Harvard University Frank, R. and Joseph P. Newhouse (2008). âShould Drug Prices Be Negotiated Under Part D Of Medicare? And If So, How?â Health Affairs 27(1), pp. 33-43.
- Friedman, J. N. (2008) âThe Incidence of the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit: Using Asset Prices to Assess its Impact on Drug Makersâ Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Gruber, J. (2001) âThe Impact of the Tax System on Health Insurance Coverageâ International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, Vol. 1, No.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Gruber, J. and J. Poterba (1994) âTax Incentives and the Decision to Purchase Health Insurance: Evidence from the Self-Employedâ Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 109, No. 3 (Aug., 1994), pp. 701-733.
Ho, K. (2009). âInsurer-Provider Networks in the Medical Care Market American Economic Review, 99(1): 393-430.
- Hoadley, J., et al. (2008). Medicare Part D 2009 Data Spotlight: Premiums. Kaiser Family Foundation Report 7835. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- It is not problematic for the premium instrument to reflect contemporaneous 2005 drug price levels, or even realized prices in 2006. Rather, violation of the exclusion restriction requires a more nuanced correlation, namely that the premium load instrument is correlated with changes in drug prices between 2005 and 2006 through channels other than their Part D enrollment. One possible âcost-basedâ mechanism may be that premiums not only reflect 2005 prices, but also capture negotiated drug prices that insurers expect to pay in 2006. Another possibility is that insurers that aggressively price plans in 2005 to gain market share also more aggressively negotiate unit drug prices in 2006 relative to their negotiations in 2005. While we cannot test this latter mechanism directly, we provide direct evidence against anticipatory costbased premium pricing.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ketcham, J. and K. Simon. 2008. Medicare Part D's Effects on Elderly Drug Costs and Utilization, American Journal of Managed Care, November. p14-22 Kling, J., S. Mullainathan, E. Shafir, L. Vermeulen and M. Wrobel (2008). âMisperception in Medicare Drug Plansâ forthcoming Quarterly Journal of Economics.
- Krasner, J. (2006). Insurer Hits Millions of Seniors with Drug Cost Hike. Boston Globe. Boston, MA.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Levy, R. (1999). The pharmaceutical industry. A discussion of competitive and antitrust issues in an environment of change. Bureau of Economics/Federal Trade Commission staff report. Bureau of Economics/Federal Trade Commission.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lichtenberg, F. R., and S. X. Sun (2007). The impact of Medicare Part D on prescription drug use by the elderly. Health Affairs 26(6): 1735-1744.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lucarelli, C., J. Prince and K. Simon (2008). âMeasuring Welfare and the Effects of Regulation in a Government-Created Market: The Case of Medicare Part D Plansâ NBER working paper no. 14296.
- Newhouse, J. P. (2002). Pricing the Priceless. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Raskovich, A. (2003) âPivotal Buyers and Bargaining Position,â Journal of Industrial Economics 51: 405â426 Snyder, C. M. (1996) âA Dynamic Theory of Countervailing Power,â Rand Journal of Economics 27: 747â769 Sorenson, A. (2003). âInsurer-Hospital Bargaining: Negotiated Discounts in Post-Deregulation Connecticutâ The Journal of Industrial Economics LI No. 4, 469-490.
Stole, L. A. and J. Zwiebel. (1996) âOrganizational Design and Technology Choice Under Intrafirm Bargaining,â American Economic Review 86: 195â222 Town, R. and G. Vistnes. (2001) âHospital competition in HMO networks,â Journal of Health Economics 20:5 733-753 Yin, W., et al. (2008). The Effect of the Medicare Part D Prescription Benefit on Drug Utilization and Expenditures. Ann Intern Med 148(3): 169-177.
- The issue of whether the quality-adjusted premium measure is uncorrelated with expected changes in retail drug prices, before and after the implementation of Part D, is a key issue for validity. In theory, premiums reflect plan design and utilization, drug prices, administrative insurer costs, and premium pricing strategies related to market share. The most obvious threat to the premium instrument is the potential for premiums to reflect changes in prices anticipated by the insurer. Recall that insurers set premiums for their 2006 plans by open enrollment in mid2005.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now