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20. Coeff. St. Error Coeff. St. Error Price/Inc. -6.51 (0.45) Fuel Cost-0.53 (0.01) 0.05 (0.03) Horsepower 1.48 (0.21) 1.78 (0.10) Weight 0.22 (0.21) 4.32 (0.16) Footprint 0.88 (0.05) 0.58 (0.04) Foreign-0.92 (0.03) 0.02 (0.16) Height 0.02 (0.02) Doors 0.50 (0.11) The table shows estimated taste parameters from a random coefficient logit estimation on the the car market for seven EU countries using data from 1998 to 2007. Taste distributions are assumed to be normal, and mean and standard deviations are estimated for selected characteristics. Additional controls are fuel type by market dummies, months for sale if less than 12, country fixed effects, linear time trend, body type fixed effects, vehicle class fixed effects and brand fixed effects. Model is estimated using a two-step GMM using approximate optimal instruments with sum of characteristics and cost shifter instruments for prices.
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26. Figure A.4: Gap between on-road and official fuel consumption per weight quartile Weight Q1 Weight Q2 Weight Q3 Weight Q4 Weight Q1 Weight Q2 Weight Q3 Weight Q4 Weight Q1 Weight Q2 Weight Q3 Weight Q4 0 10 20 30 40 50 % Difference 1998-2006 2007-2009 2010-2014 Figure shows estimated coefficients and standard errors from regressing the performance gap on three sets of model release years (early, middle and late) per weight quartile.
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27. Gabaix, Xavier and David Laibson. 2006. “Shrouded Attributes, Consumer Myopia, and Information Suppression in Competitive Markets.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (2):505–540. Gerlagh, Reyer, Inge van den Bijgaart, Hans Nijland, and Thomas Michielsen. Forthcoming. “Fiscal policy and CO2 emissions of new passenger cars in the EU.” Environmental and Resource Economics .

28. Gillingham, Kenneth. 2013. “The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards versus Feebates.” Working Paper: National Energy Policy Institute.
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32. In that case, we face a version of the well known age-cohort-time identification problem (see, e.g., Card and Lemieux 2001). Emissions of local air pollution are known to degrade substantially with vehicle age, but fuel economy is typically assumed to be E-7 stable. Even so, there could be a form of selection through which older vehicles are driven in different patterns or styles on average, which will manifest as an age effect in our on-road performance data. Regardless, we would like to be able to control for age effects, but age fixed effects are perfectly collinear with release year and time fixed effects. We cannot separately identify all effects without some additional restriction.
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33. Ito, Koichiro and James M. Sallee. 2018. “The Economics of Attribute-Based Regulation: Theory and Evidence from Fuel-Economy Standards.” Review of Economics and Statistics 100:319–336.
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34. Jacobsen, Mark R. 2013. “Fuel Economy and Safety: The Influences of Vehicle Class and Driver Behavior.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5 (3).

35. Jacobsen, Mark R., Christopher R. Knittel, James M. Sallee, and Arthur A. van Benthem. 2016. “Sufficient Statistics for Imperfect Externality-Correcting Policies.” Manuscript: University of California at Berkeley.
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36. Jacobsen, Mark R., James M. Sallee, Joseph S. Shapiro, and Arthur A. van Benthem. 2019. “Are New Vehicle Emissions Standards Effective and Efficient?” Manuscript: University of California, Berkeley.
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37. Jiang, Wei, Ashlyn Aiko Nelso, and Edward Vytlacil. 2014. “Liar’s Loan? Effects of Origination Channel and Information Falsification on Mortage Delinquency.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 96 (1):1–18.
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45. Location Figure plots coefficients from a regression of the performance gap in li/100km, on release year fixed effects. Coefficients correspond to regressions from Table A.6. Figure A.3: Gap between on-road and official fuel consumption per firm in levels Audi BMW Citroën Ford Opel Peugeot Renault Toyota Volkswagen Volvo Audi BMW Citroën Ford Opel Peugeot Renault Toyota Volkswagen Volvo Audi BMW Citroën Ford Opel Peugeot Renault Toyota Volkswagen Volvo 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Difference in Li/100km 1998-2006 2007-2009 2010-2014 Figure shows estimated coefficients and standard errors from regressing the performance gap in levels on three sets of model release years (early, middle and late) per automaker, the data is restricted to the ten brands with most observations.
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46. One approach is to assume that release year effects are completely flat prior to 2006, so that a single release year dummy for that period is included. A full set of age effects can be estimated based on that period, and age and time effects can both be included while still identifying the remaining release year effects. Column (4) reports results from a specification that does that. Results are qualitatively similar, though the magnitude of our estimated performance gap does change somewhat, falling from 41% to 34% as compared to column (3), which has the same time period controls. As discussed below, we provide alternative approaches of addressing age effects in the appendix, which yield qualitatively similar results to the results reported here.
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47. Parry, Ian W.H., David Evans, and Wallace E. Oates. 2014. “Are Energy Efficiency Standards Justified?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 67:104–125.

48. R2-2 R2.1e Plot the ramp up of the standards in Figure 1 as well. The upward trend in figures 1 and 3 suggests a gradual increase in gaming post-2007 driven, presumably, by ratcheting of the benchmark.
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49. R2.1a The empirical exercise brings novel data to bear and clearly illustrates an increase in the performance gap post 2007. A more thorough investigation would strengthen the authors’ interpretation of the results.
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50. R2.1f 2006 seems an outlier in figure 3, potentially worth a mention or further investigation.
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51. R3.14 I believe that this paper is not the first to provide evidence of gaming in the context of fuel economy ratings. Isn’t Sallee and Slemrod (2012) that provide the first empirical evidence that automakers game fuel economy estimates. Thank you for pointing out the relationship between that paper and our current manuscript.
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52. R3.8 First, the simulation model considers a different mechanism leading to gaming that the one that has been considered in the theory section and demonstrated in the empirical section. To be 47 A recent literature (see Busse, Knittel, and Zettelmeyer 2013, Allcott and Wozny 2014, Sallee, West, and Fan 2016, Grigolon, Reynaert, and Verboven Forthcoming) has shown that buyers do take fuel consumption ratings into account when purchasing a vehicle. In a field experiment Allcott and Knittel (2017) show that treating buyers with detailed information about fuel consumption has no impact on their choice.
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53. Reynaert, Mathias and Frank Verboven. 2014. “Improving the performance of random coefficients demand models: The role of optimal instruments.” Journal of Econometrics 179 (1):83–98. URL https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v179y2014i1p83-98.html. Rhodes, Andrew and Chris M. Wilson. Forthcoming. “False Advertising.” RAND Journal of Economics .

54. Reynaert, Mathias. 2017. “Abatement Strategies and the Cost of Environmental Regulation: Emission Standards on the European Car Market.” Manuscript: Toulouse School of Economics.
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55. Roychowdhury, Sugata. 2006. “Earnings Management through Real Activities Manipulation.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 42:335–370.
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56. Sallee, James M. 2014. “Rational Inattention and Energy Efficiency.” Journal of Law and Economics 57 (3):781–820.
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57. Sallee, James M. and Joel Slemrod. 2012. “Car Notches: Strategic Automaker Responses to Fuel Economy Policy.” Journal of Public Economics 96 (11-12):981–999.

58. Sallee, James M., Sarah E. West, and Wei Fan. 2016. “Do Consumers Recognize the Value of Fuel Economy? Evidence from Used Car Prices and Gasoline Price Fluctuations.” Journal of Public Economics 135:61–73.

59. Slemrod, Joel. 2008. “Does It Matter Who Writes the Check to the Government? The Economics of Tax Remittance.” National Tax Journal 61 (2):251–275.
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60. Small, Kenneth A. and Harvey S. Rosen. 1981. “Applied welfare economics of discrete choice models.” Econometrica .
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61. Table A.8: Diversion Ratios Own Price Elast. Outside Good FC Q1 FC Q2 FC Q3 FC Q4 Fuel Cons Q1-4.47 0.45 0.15 0.21 0.12 0.08 Fuel Cons Q2-4.78 0.41 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.09 Fuel Cons Q3-5.30 0.37 0.16 0.23 0.13 0.10 Fuel Cons Q4-7.36 0.29 0.17 0.26 0.16 0.13 The table shows the average own price elasticity in each of the fuel consumption quartiles in the vehicles included in the counterfactual (Netherlands, year 2007). Column II gives the average diversion ratio to the outside good, while Column III-VI give diversion ratios from the row fuel consumption quartile to the column fuel consumption quartile. The diversion ratio is defined as (∂sk/∂pj)/ | ∂sj/∂pj | so that Coluln II-VI sum up to 1.
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62. Tanaka, Shinsuke. 2017. “Mind the Gap! Tax Incentives and Incentives for Manipulating Fuel Efficiency in the Automobile Industry.” Working Paper: Tufts University.
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63. The International Council on Clean Transportation. 2014. “From Laboratory to Road: A 2014 Update of Official and “Real-World” Fuel Consumption and CO2 Values for Passenger Vehicles in Europe.” ICCT White Paper.
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64. The policy was announced in 2007 but did not start to bind until 2012. The policy schedule has not changed since 2007. There was a phase in between 2012 and 2015, but all automakers complied with the full standard by 2014. We do not think the increase in gaming between 2007 and 2015 is necessarily a response to a ratcheting of the benchmark (though they are certainly correlated in the time series). Instead, we think the gradual increase is due to automakers pushing their products forward with the goal of achieving compliance by the end of the period. In addition to the standard, there are several changes in national taxes after the announcement of the standard in 2007 but these are much more difficult to plot. We have added a more detailed discussion of the policy in Appendix A.2 to make all this clearer.
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65. The regulation was proposed by the European Commission in 2007 and became a European law in 2009. In 2012, 65% of manufacturer’s sales had to comply with the emission standard. This rose to 75% in 2013 and 80% in 2014, and the standard was fully binding from 2015 onward. Every firm succeeded in reaching the full target by 2014.
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66. TNO. 2011. “Support for the revision of Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 on CO2 emissions from cars.” URL https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/transport/vehicles/cars/ docs/study_car_2011_en.pdf. Framework Contract No ENV.C.3./FRA/2009/0043.
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67. TravelCard Netherlands Price (euro) 31,672 13,367 40,767 29,676 Fuel Consumption (L/100km) 6.74 1.60 7.89 2.46 Vehicle Weight in kg 1,344 230 1,409 308 Diesel Engines 0.45 0.50 0.36 0.48 Summary statistics for the TravelCard sample and the full dutch market between 1998 and 2011. Table A.3: Variance decomposition σ2 d σ2 i σ2 j σ2 n Mean 2.11 0.21 1.35 0.56 Standard deviation 0.57 0.03 0.45 0.11 Variance decomposition (%) 100 10.36 62.34 27.30 Standard deviation 2.54 6.76 4.40 σ2 d is the total variance in rnij, σ2 i is the variation attributable to differences across individuals driving the same vehicle, σ2 j is the covariance between drivers in the same vehicle, σ2 n is the variation across refueling visits of the same driver in the same vehicle. The variance decomposition is performed separately for each release year, and the mean and standard deviation across years are reported in table.
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68. Walker, Reed W. 2013. “The Transitional Costs of Sectoral Reallocation: Evidence from the Clean Air Act and the Workforce.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128 (4):1787–1835.

69. We use a panel containing sales, prices and characteristics for all new vehicle sales in seven European countries between 1998 and 2007.43 We only use data from before 2008 to estimate demand, so that our estimates come from a period in which the performance gap was stable.
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70. Weyl, E. Glen and Michael Fabinger. 2013. “Pass-Through as an Economic Tool: Principles of Incidence under Imperfect Competition.” Journal of Political Economy 121 (3):528–583.

71. When producers exceed the standard they have to pay premiums for excess emissions. The premium is e5 per unit sold for the first excess g/km and increases to e95 per unit above 134 g/km. A manufacturer obtaining a sales weighted emission of 146 g/km, the average in 2007, would face a significant penalty of e1,280 per vehicle (against an average sales price of e22,250).
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72. Whitefoot, Kate S., Meredith L. Fowlie, and Steven J. Skerlos. 2017. “Compliance by Design: Influence of Acceleration Trade-offs on CO2 Emissions and Costs of Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Regulations.” Environmental Science & Technology 51 (18):10307–10315.
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1. Information campaigns for residential energy conservation. (2022). Peters, Jörg ; Andor, Mark ; Gerster, Andreas.
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2. Who Benefits When Firms Game Corrective Policies?. (2021). Reynaert, Mathias ; Sallee, James M.
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3. Information campaigns for residential energy conservation. (2020). Peters, Jörg ; Andor, Mark ; Gerster, Andreas.
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4. Asymmetric information on the market for energy efficiency: Insights from the credence goods literature. (2019). Reins, Evert ; Lanz, Bruno.
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   RePEc:irn:wpaper:19-03.

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5. Overcoming the shortcomings of U.S. plug-in electric vehicle policies. (2019). Duncan, Denvil ; Carley, Sanya ; Siddiki, Saba ; Zirogiannis, Nikolaos ; Graham, John D.
   In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
   RePEc:eee:rensus:v:113:y:2019:i:c:23.

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6. How are fuel efficient cars priced? Evidence from eight EU countries. (2019). Di Cosmo, Valeria ; Bigano, Andrea ; Alberini, Anna.
   In: Energy Policy.
   RePEc:eee:enepol:v:134:y:2019:i:c:s0301421519305658.

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7. Who Benefits When Firms Game Corrective Policies?. (2019). Reynaert, Mathias ; Sallee, James.
   In: CEPR Discussion Papers.
   RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13755.

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8. What is the information value of energy efficiency certificates in buildings?. (2018). Mense, Andreas.
   In: FAU Discussion Papers in Economics.
   RePEc:zbw:iwqwdp:102018.

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9. The role of experiments for policy design. (2018). Werner, Peter ; Riedl, Arno.
   In: Research Memorandum.
   RePEc:unm:umagsb:2018022.

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10. Consumer Misinformation and the Brand Premium: A Private Label Blind Taste Test. (2018). Sanders, Robert E ; Dube, Jean-Pierre H ; Bronnenberg, Bart.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25214.

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11. Energy efficiency, information, and the acceptability of rent increases: A survey experiment with tenants. (2018). Lanz, Bruno ; Lang, Ghislaine.
    In: IRENE Working Papers.
    RePEc:irn:wpaper:18-04.

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12. Mitigation Policies for the Paris Agreement: An Assessment for G20 Countries. (2018). Parry, Ian ; Mylonas, Victor ; Vernon, Nate.
    In: IMF Working Papers.
    RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2018/193.

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13. How Effective is Energy-efficient Housing?: Evidence From a Field Experiment in Mexico. (2018). Martinez, Sebastian ; Davis, Lucas ; Taboada, Bibiana.
    In: IDB Publications (Working Papers).
    RePEc:idb:brikps:8767.

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14. Internal and External Barriers to Energy Efficiency: Made-to-Measure Policy Interventions. (2018). Cattaneo, Cristina.
    In: Working Papers.
    RePEc:fem:femwpa:2018.08.

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15. It’s So Hot in Here: Information Avoidance, Moral Wiggle Room, and High Air Conditioning Usage. (2018). Tavoni, Massimo ; d'Adda, Giovanna ; Gao, YU ; Golman, Russell ; Dadda, Giovanna.
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16. Energy efficiency as a credence good: A review of informational barriers to building energy savings. (2018). Giraudet, Louis-Gaëtan.
    In: Working Papers.
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17. Energy efficiency as a credence good: A review of informational barriers to building energy savings. (2018). Giraudet, Louis-Gaëtan.
    In: Policy Papers.
    RePEc:fae:ppaper:2018.04.

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18. Energy efficiency and financial literacy. (2018). Ward, Michael ; Brent, Daniel.
    In: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
    RePEc:eee:jeeman:v:90:y:2018:i:c:p:181-216.

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19. The behavioral effect of Pigovian regulation: Evidence from a field experiment. (2018). Wurlod, Jules ; Swanson, Timothy ; Panzone, Luca ; Lanz, Bruno.
    In: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
    RePEc:eee:jeeman:v:87:y:2018:i:c:p:190-205.

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20. Public acceptance of household energy-saving measures in Beijing: Heterogeneous preferences and policy implications. (2018). Fan, Ying ; Jia, Jun-Jun ; Xu, Jin-Hua.
    In: Energy Policy.
    RePEc:eee:enepol:v:113:y:2018:i:c:p:487-499.

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21. Modeling household energy consumption and adoption of energy efficient technology. (2018). Just, Richard ; Li, Jia.
    In: Energy Economics.
    RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:72:y:2018:i:c:p:404-415.

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22. Consumer inattention and the demand for vehicle fuel cost savings. (2018). Leard, Benjamin.
    In: Journal of choice modelling.
    RePEc:eee:eejocm:v:29:y:2018:i:c:p:1-16.

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23. Behavioral Economics and Energy Conservation – A Systematic Review of Non-price Interventions and Their Causal Effects. (2018). Andor, Mark ; Fels, Katja M.
    In: Ecological Economics.
    RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:148:y:2018:i:c:p:178-210.

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24. How Do Different Designs of Energy Labels Influence Purchases of Household Appliances? A Field Study in Switzerland. (2018). Schubert, Renate ; Stadelmann, Marcel.
    In: Ecological Economics.
    RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:144:y:2018:i:c:p:112-123.

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25. Consumer Misinformation and the Brand Premium: A Private Label Blind Taste Test. (2018). Sanders, Robert ; Dube, Jean-Pierre ; Bronnenberg, Bart.
    In: CEPR Discussion Papers.
    RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13283.

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26. Internal and External Barriers to Energy Efficiency: Made-to-Measure Policy Interventions. (2018). Cattaneo, Cristina.
    In: Public Opinion Research.
    RePEc:ags:cpaper:269536.

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27. It’s So Hot in Here: Information Avoidance, Moral Wiggle Room, and High Air Conditioning. (2018). Gao, YU ; Golman, Russell ; Tavoni, Massimo ; Dadda, Giovanna.
    In: Public Opinion Research.
    RePEc:ags:cpaper:269535.

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28. Consumer inattention, heuristic thinking and the role of energy labels. (2017). Andor, Mark ; Gerster, Andreas ; Sommer, Stephan.
    In: Ruhr Economic Papers.
    RePEc:zbw:rwirep:671.

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29. Free riding and rebates for residential energy efficiency upgrades: A multi-country contingent valuation experiment. (2017). Schleich, Joachim ; Gassmann, Xavier ; Olsthoorn, Mark ; Faure, Corinne.
    In: Working Papers Sustainability and Innovation.
    RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s102017.

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30. Casting light on energy efficiency: Evidence on consumer inattention and imperfect information. (2017). Löschel, Andreas ; Kube, Roland ; Rodemeier, Matthias ; Loschel, Andreas.
    In: CAWM Discussion Papers.
    RePEc:zbw:cawmdp:93.

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31. The Efficiency Consequences of Heterogeneous Behavioral Responses to Energy Fiscal Policies. (2017). Houde, Sebastien ; Aldy, Joseph E.
    In: RFF Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-17-24.

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32. The Efficiency Consequences of Heterogeneous Behavioral Responses to Energy Fiscal Policies. (2017). Aldy, Joseph ; Houde, Sebastien.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24103.

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33. Behavioral Inattention. (2017). Gabaix, Xavier.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24096.

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34. Taxing Humans: Pitfalls of the Mechanism Design Approach and Potential Resolutions. (2017). Taubinsky, Dmitry ; Rees-Jones, Alex.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23980.

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35. Attention Manipulation and Information Overload. (2017). Persson, Petra.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23823.

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36. Mostly Harmless Regulation? Electronic Cigarettes, Public Policy and Consumer Welfare. (2017). Pesko, Michael ; Kenkel, Donald ; Peng, Sida ; Wang, Hua.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
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37. Do The Effects of Nudges Persist? Theory and Evidence from 38 Natural Field Experiments. (2017). Rundhammer, Florian ; Price, Michael ; Metcalfe, Robert ; List, John ; Ferraro, Paul ; Brandon, Alec.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23277.

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38. The Quest for Parsimony in Behavioral Economics: New Methods and Evidence on Three Fronts. (2017). Zinman, Jonathan ; Stango, Victor ; Yoong, Joanne.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23057.

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39. Taxing Humans: Pitfalls of the Mechanism Design Approach and Potential Resolutions. (2017). Taubinsky, Dmitry ; Rees-Jones, Alex.
    In: NBER Chapters.
    RePEc:nbr:nberch:13999.

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40. Time preferences and consumer behavior. (2017). Ruhm, Christopher ; McAlvanah, Patrick ; Heutel, Garth ; Courtemanche, Charles ; Bradford, W. David.
    In: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty.
    RePEc:kap:jrisku:v:55:y:2017:i:2:d:10.1007_s11166-018-9272-8.

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41. The Behavioral Effect of Pigovian Regulation: Evidence from a Field Experiment. (2017). Wurlod, Jules ; Swanson, Timothy ; Panzone, Luca ; Lanz, Bruno.
    In: IRENE Working Papers.
    RePEc:irn:wpaper:17-01.

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42. Do the effects of social nudges persist? Theory and evidence from 38 natural field experiments. (2017). Rundhammer, Florian ; Price, Michael ; Metcalfe, Robert ; List, John ; Ferraro, Paul ; Brandon, Alec.
    In: Natural Field Experiments.
    RePEc:feb:natura:00598.

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43. Do The Effects of Social Nudges Persist? Theory and Evidence from 38 Natural Field Experiments. (2017). Rundhammer, Florian ; Price, Michael ; Metcalfe, Robert ; List, John ; Ferraro, Paul ; Brandon, Alec.
    In: Experimental Economics Center Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:exc:wpaper:2017-04.

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44. Clean up your own mess: An experimental study of moral responsibility and efficiency. (2017). van Veldhuizen, Roel ; Steckel, Jan ; Kübler, Dorothea ; Jakob, Michael ; Kubler, Dorothea.
    In: Journal of Public Economics.
    RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:155:y:2017:i:c:p:138-146.

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45. Information provision and consumer behavior: A natural experiment in billing frequency. (2017). Wichman, Casey.
    In: Journal of Public Economics.
    RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:152:y:2017:i:c:p:13-33.

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46. “Now that you mention it”: A survey experiment on information, inattention and online privacy. (2017). Vlassopoulos, Michael ; Tonin, Mirco ; Marreiros, Helia ; Schraefel, M C.
    In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization.
    RePEc:eee:jeborg:v:140:y:2017:i:c:p:1-17.

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47. Explaining electricity demand and the role of energy and investment literacy on end-use efficiency of Swiss households. (2017). Kumar, Nilkanth ; Filippini, Massimo ; Boogen, Nina ; Blasch, Julia.
    In: Energy Economics.
    RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:68:y:2017:i:s1:p:89-102.

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48. Free riding and rebates for residential energy efficiency upgrades: A multi-country contingent valuation experiment. (2017). Schleich, Joachim ; Gassmann, Xavier ; Olsthoorn, Mark ; Faure, Corinne.
    In: Energy Economics.
    RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:68:y:2017:i:s1:p:33-44.

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49. Green nudges: Do they work? Are they ethical?. (2017). Schubert, Christian.
    In: Ecological Economics.
    RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:132:y:2017:i:c:p:329-342.

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50. The Efficiency Consequences of Heterogeneous Behavioral Responses to Energy Fiscal Policies. (2017). Aldy, Joseph ; Houde, Sebastien.
    In: Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:ecl:harjfk:rwp17-047.

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51. Assessing the Energy-Efficiency Gap. (2017). Stavins, Robert ; Newell, Richard ; Gerarden, Todd.
    In: Journal of Economic Literature.
    RePEc:aea:jeclit:v:55:y:2017:i:4:p:1486-1525.

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52. Consumer Inattention and Decision Heuristics: The Causal Effects of Energy Label Elements. (2016). Andor, Mark ; Gerster, Andreas ; Sommer, Stephan.
    In: VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change.
    RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145778.

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53. Does Better Information Lead to Better Choices? Evidence from Energy-Efficiency Labels. (2016). Metcalf, Gilbert ; Davis, Lucas.
    In: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
    RePEc:ucp:jaerec:doi:10.1086/686252.

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54. Do Environmental Messages Work on the Poor? Experimental Evidence from Brazilian Favelas. (2016). Toledo, Chantal.
    In: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
    RePEc:ucp:jaerec:doi:10.1086/683803.

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55. Transparency, Reproducibility, and the Credibility of Economics Research. (2016). Miguel, Edward ; Christensen, Garret.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22989.

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56. Estimating the Heterogeneous Welfare Effects of Choice Architecture: An Application to the Medicare Prescription Drug Insurance Market. (2016). Kuminoff, Nicolai ; Ketcham, Jonathan ; Powers, Christopher A.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22732.

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57. Behavioral Welfare Economics and FDA Tobacco Regulations. (2016). Liu, Feng ; Kenkel, Donald ; De Cicca, Philip ; Decicca, Philip ; Wang, Hua.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22718.

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58. Tobacco Regulation and Cost-Benefit Analysis: How Should We Value Foregone Consumer Surplus?. (2016). Smith, Jeffrey ; Norton, Edward ; Levy, Helen.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22471.

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59. Green nudges: Do they work? Are they ethical?. (2016). Schubert, Christian.
    In: MAGKS Papers on Economics.
    RePEc:mar:magkse:201609.

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60. The light at the end of the tunnel: the impact of policy on the global diffusion of fluorescent lamps. (2016). Srinivasan, Suchita.
    In: CIES Research Paper series.
    RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_45.

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61. Do Mortgage Subsidies Help or Hurt Borrowers?. (2016). Rappoport, David.
    In: Finance and Economics Discussion Series.
    RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2016-81.

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62. Shedding Light: Understanding Energy Efficiency and Electricity Reliability in Developing Countries. (2016). Carranza, Eliana ; Meeks, Robyn.
    In: Natural Field Experiments.
    RePEc:feb:natura:00569.

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63. Boundedly rational consumers, energy and investment literacy, and the display of information on household appliances. (2016). Kumar, Nilkanth ; Filippini, Massimo ; Blasch, Julia.
    In: CER-ETH Economics working paper series.
    RePEc:eth:wpswif:16-249.

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64. Optimal taxation when people do not maximize well-being. (2016). Gerritsen, Aart.
    In: Journal of Public Economics.
    RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:144:y:2016:i:c:p:122-139.

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65. The role of public information in increasing homebuyers willingness-to-pay for green housing: Evidence from Beijing. (2016). Zheng, Siqi ; Zhang, LI ; Liu, Hongyu ; Sun, Cong.
    In: Ecological Economics.
    RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:129:y:2016:i:c:p:40-49.

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66. Regulating Internalities. (2015). Sunstein, Cass ; Allcott, Hunt.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21187.

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