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- 2. In 1101-1300, I used the following rates: (a) 9 Dirhams: 1 Dinar under Saladin (1171-1193) from Ashtor (1969, p. 122).
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- 3. In 1301-1700, I used the rate of 30 Dirhams: 1 Dinar under Barquq (1382-99) from Ashtor (1969, p. 277).
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- 4. In 1701-1800, I used the exchange rate of 45 Nisfs: 1 Sharifi Dinar in 1608 from Mahmoud, Ayman Ahmad, al-ard wal mugtama’ fi misr fil ‘asr al-uthmani (Land and Society in Egypt in the Ottoman Era) (Giza: Ein for Human and Social Studies, 2008), p. 112. The Sharifi Dinar weighed 3.45 grams of gold, and is thus equivalent to 0.81 Islamic Dinars.
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- 5. In 1801-1856, I used the rate of 6 Piasters: 1 Mahbub Dinar in 1807 from Mahmoud (2009a, p. 123). The Mahbub Dinar weighed 3.45 grams of gold, and is thus equivalent to 0.81 Islamic Dinars.
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- Since the nominal poll tax is recorded in each source in different currencies, I had to transform the recorded amount into Islamic Dinars as follows: 1. In 701-1100, I used the exchange rate of 12 Dirhams: 1 Dinar under the Umayyads and Abbasids (661-969) from Ashtor (1969, p. 77).
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- TABLE I Was the De Facto Poll Tax Regressive? Dependent Variable: Poll Tax Amount (1) (2) Land tax-0.077*** (0.009) -0.015 (0.036) Constant 1.232*** (0.488) 1.119*** (0.067) Sub-district fixed effects? N Y Adjusted R-Squared 0.019 0.309 N 281 281 Clustered standard errors at the sub-district level are in parentheses. Individual-level data come from the papyri tax registers of three sub-districts in the pagarchy of Aphrodito in the Nile Valley in 703-4 (Morimoto 1981, pp. 67-79). * indicates significance at the 10 percent level, ** indicates significance at the 5 percent level, and *** indicates significance at the 1 percent level.
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- TABLE VI Coptic Tax Revolts in the Eighth Century Year Region Reason(s) Cited Parties Revolting 726 Nile Delta Tightening state control over the tax system Copts 740 Nile Valley Higher tax enforcement, collecting poll tax from fugitives, higher tax rate, uniform tax regardless of income Copts 750 Nile Delta Heavy taxation and general suffering Copts; Arabs also revolted to overthrow the Umayyads 753 Nile Delta Reorganizing the tax system under the Abbasids and heavy taxation Copts 768 Nile Delta Abbasids' fiscal reforms Copts Sources: Morimoto (1981, pp. 145-72) and Mikhail (2004, pp. 195-211).
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