Closed Quantum Domains (CQDs): Mass Genesis and Cosmic Structure from Quantum-Field Discharge

This paper develops the Closed Quantum Domain (CQD) framework, where every fundamental particle is treated as a self-confined eigenmode of quantum fields. The model proceeds in several steps:

Step 1 – Mass from confinement

Start with the Lorentz-invariant relation:

Mc^2 = sqrt( E^2 − (p c)^2 )

Here:

E = total energy of the system

p = momentum magnitude

M = invariant rest mass

Mass is not primitive but emerges as the “residual” energy not carried by momentum.

Step 2 – Defining the confinement ratio

Introduce the momentum fraction and confinement ratio:

eta = (p c) / E

chi = (M c^2) / E = sqrt( 1 − eta^2 )

If chi = 0 → pure radiation (photon-like).

If 0 < chi < 1 → partial confinement.

If chi > threshold → stable Closed Quantum Domain (CQD), i.e. mass genesis.

Step 3 – Hierarchy of CQDs

Different particles correspond to different eigenmodes of confinement:

Neutrino: chi ≪ 1, minimal CQD, no charge activation.

Electron: chi such that Mc^2 = 0.511 MeV, first charged CQD.

Quarks: higher chi eigenmodes, fractional charges, strongly confined.

This establishes a prime-like hierarchy of fundamental excitations.

Step 4 – Nuclear force as residual discharge

When quark CQDs combine into nucleons, their confinement fields overlap. The leakage produces the nuclear potential:

V(r) = − (g_a^2 / r) · exp( − r / r_a ) + (g_r^2 / r) · exp( − r / r_r )

This explains:

Attraction at ~1 fm (first term).

Repulsion at <0.5 fm (second term).

Binding energies of ~8 MeV per nucleon as residual discharge of ~1 GeV confinement energy.

Step 5 – Wave–particle duality as cycling

Wave–particle duality is reinterpreted as continuous cycling between confined and discharged states. The intrinsic oscillation frequency is:

ω_zbw = 2 M c^2 / ħ

For the electron:

ω_zbw ≈ 1.55 × 10^21 s^(-1)

This is observed as zitterbewegung.

Step 6 – Galactic dynamics without dark matter

On macroscopic scales, symmetric discharge geometry yields a logarithmic potential:

Phi(r) = v0^2 · ln( r / r0 )

From this:

g(r) = v0^2 / r

v(r) = sqrt( r g(r) ) = v0 (flat at large r)

Thus, rotation curves and lensing magnitudes can be explained without invoking dark matter halos.

Step 7 – Cosmic cycles through black holes

Black holes act as return channels, funneling confined energy back into the invisible quantum-field reservoir. The sequence is:

1. Field disequilibrium builds.

2. Discharge → visible matter and galaxies.

3. Collapse → black holes.

4. Return → reabsorption into the field reservoir.

5. Renewal → a new discharge cycle.

This cyclic view explains the presence of massive, mature galaxies at high redshift (JWST results).

Step 8 – Predictions

The model is testable through:

One-parameter (v0) fits for rotation curves and lensing.

Smooth onset of strong-field pair production (chi · E ≥ 2 m_e c^2).

Neutrino anomalies at sub-eV energies.

Detection of zitterbewegung corrections in spectroscopy.

Gravitational-wave echoes from black-hole mergers.