1. The Importance of Deliverables in Client Contracts
2. What Are They and Why Are They Important?
3. Understanding the Different Forms of Project Outputs
4. How to Define Deliverables in Your Client Contract?
5. Breaking Down Deliverables into Manageable Tasks
6. Ensuring Timely Completion and Quality
7. Dealing with Changes to Deliverables
1. Deliverables are a crucial aspect of any client contract, as they outline the specific results and outputs that will be provided to the client upon completion of a project or service. These deliverables serve as tangible evidence of the work that has been done, and they play a significant role in ensuring successful results and client satisfaction. In this section, we will explore the importance of deliverables in client contracts, and discuss some key considerations to keep in mind when defining and managing deliverables.
2. One of the primary reasons why deliverables are so important in client contracts is that they provide clarity and transparency to both parties involved. By clearly defining what will be delivered, the client can have a clear understanding of what they can expect to receive, and the service provider can have a clear understanding of what is expected of them. This helps to minimize misunderstandings and ensures that both parties are on the same page from the beginning.
3. Additionally, well-defined deliverables help to establish accountability and set realistic expectations. When deliverables are clearly outlined, it becomes easier to measure the progress and success of a project. This allows both the client and the service provider to track the milestones and ensure that the project is progressing as planned. Without clear deliverables, it can be challenging to assess whether the project is on track or if adjustments need to be made.
4. To illustrate the importance of deliverables, let's consider an example. Imagine a marketing agency that is hired to develop a social media marketing campaign for a client. The deliverables for this project could include items such as a social media strategy document, content calendars, ad creative, and performance reports. These deliverables provide the client with tangible assets that they can review and evaluate, ensuring that the agency is delivering the agreed-upon services.
5. When defining deliverables in a client contract, it is essential to be as specific as possible. Vague or ambiguous deliverables can lead to confusion and disagreements down the line. For example, instead of stating "design a website," it would be more effective to specify the number of pages, the features required, and any other relevant details. This level of specificity helps to manage expectations and ensures that both parties are aligned on what will be delivered.
6. It is also crucial to consider the timeline and deadlines associated with each deliverable. By clearly defining when each deliverable is expected to be completed, it becomes easier to manage the project timeline and avoid delays. setting realistic deadlines and allowing for some flexibility can help to ensure that the project stays on track and that the client's needs are met.
7. In some cases, it may be beneficial to include case studies or examples of past deliverables in the client contract. This can provide the client with a better understanding of the quality and type of work they can expect. For instance, a web development agency might include screenshots or links to previous websites they have built to demonstrate their capabilities.
8. Lastly, it is essential to communicate and collaborate with the client throughout the project to ensure that the deliverables meet their expectations. Regular check-ins, progress reports, and feedback sessions can help to address any concerns or modifications needed along the way. This iterative approach ensures that the final deliverables align with the client's vision and requirements.
In conclusion, the importance of deliverables in client contracts cannot be overstated. They provide clarity, transparency, and accountability, helping to ensure successful results and client satisfaction. By defining deliverables clearly, setting realistic deadlines, and maintaining open communication, both parties can work together towards achieving the desired outcomes.
The Importance of Deliverables in Client Contracts - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
When it comes to client contracts, one of the most crucial aspects to define and understand is the concept of deliverables. Deliverables are the tangible or intangible products, services, or outcomes that you commit to providing to your client within a specified timeframe. These can range from physical goods to completed projects, reports, software, or even simple milestones. Defining deliverables is essential as they serve as a roadmap for both you and your client, ensuring clarity, accountability, and successful outcomes. In this section, we will delve into the importance of defining deliverables and provide some useful tips to help you navigate this crucial aspect of your client contracts.
1. Clarity and Alignment: Defining deliverables with precision allows both parties to have a clear understanding of what is expected. By explicitly stating what will be provided, you eliminate any potential confusion or misunderstandings. This clarity ensures that you and your client are on the same page, reducing the likelihood of disputes or disagreements down the line. For example, if you are a web developer, your deliverables might include designing and launching a website, optimizing its performance, and providing ongoing maintenance.
2. Scope Management: Clearly defining deliverables helps manage the scope of your project. Without a well-defined scope, projects can easily spiral out of control, leading to scope creep and increased costs. By setting boundaries and outlining what is included and what is not, you can effectively manage client expectations and prevent scope-related issues. For instance, if you are a marketing consultant, your deliverables might include creating a marketing strategy, conducting market research, and developing a social media campaign. However, it is crucial to specify that executing the campaign is not part of the deliverables to avoid scope creep.
3. Milestone Tracking: Deliverables can be broken down into milestones, which act as progress markers throughout the project. Milestones allow you and your client to track the project's advancement and ensure that it stays on schedule. By setting specific milestones and associated deliverables, you can demonstrate your progress and provide your client with a sense of accomplishment. For example, if you are a construction contractor, your deliverables might include completing the foundation, erecting the framework, and finishing the interior. Each of these milestones represents a significant step towards completing the project.
4. Accountability and Quality Assurance: Defining deliverables establishes accountability for both parties involved. By clearly stating what you will deliver, you commit to meeting those expectations. This commitment fosters trust and demonstrates your professionalism. Additionally, well-defined deliverables enable you to ensure the quality of your work. By specifying the standards and benchmarks that need to be met, you can maintain a high level of quality throughout the project. For instance, if you are a graphic designer, your deliverables might include designing a logo, creating marketing materials, and delivering the final files in various formats.
In conclusion, defining deliverables in your client contracts is of utmost importance. It provides clarity, aligns expectations, manages scope, tracks progress, and establishes accountability. By clearly defining what you will deliver and when, you set the foundation for a successful and mutually beneficial relationship with your clients. Remember to be specific, detailed, and transparent when defining deliverables, as it will greatly contribute to the overall success of your projects.
What Are They and Why Are They Important - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
When it comes to project management, one of the key elements that determine the success of a project is the delivery of high-quality deliverables. Deliverables are the tangible outputs that are produced as a result of a project, and they can come in various forms depending on the nature of the project. In this section, we will explore three common types of deliverables that you may encounter in your projects, along with some examples, tips, and case studies.
1.1. Tangible Deliverables
Tangible deliverables are physical products or materials that are created as a result of a project. These can include items such as prototypes, reports, documents, software applications, or even physical structures. For example, if you are working on a software development project, the tangible deliverables could be the developed software application or a user manual. It is important to ensure that these deliverables meet the required specifications and are of high quality. To achieve this, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the client's expectations and to regularly communicate and seek feedback throughout the project.
Tip: Clearly define the specifications and requirements for tangible deliverables at the beginning of the project to avoid any misunderstandings or misalignment later on. Regularly check in with the client to ensure that the deliverables are meeting their expectations.
Case Study: A construction company was hired to build a new office building for a client. The tangible deliverables in this case were the completed building, including all the necessary infrastructure and amenities. By closely collaborating with the client and regularly providing progress updates, the construction company was able to deliver a high-quality building that met the client's expectations within the agreed-upon timeline.
1.2. Intangible Deliverables
Intangible deliverables, on the other hand, are outputs that cannot be physically touched or seen but still hold value for the client. These can include services, expertise, knowledge, or even ideas. For instance, if you are a marketing consultant, the intangible deliverables could be a marketing strategy, a brand positioning plan, or a set of recommendations for the client's marketing campaigns. It is important to clearly communicate and document these intangible deliverables to ensure that the client understands the value they are receiving.
Tip: Use visual aids, such as charts, diagrams, or presentations, to help illustrate and explain intangible deliverables. This can make it easier for the client to grasp and appreciate the value of these outputs.
Case Study: A consulting firm was hired to provide operational efficiency recommendations for a manufacturing company. The intangible deliverables in this case were a set of process improvement suggestions, along with training sessions for the company's employees. By conducting thorough research and analysis, the consulting firm was able to deliver actionable recommendations that helped the manufacturing company optimize their operations and achieve significant cost savings.
1.3. Milestone Deliverables
Milestone deliverables are specific outputs that mark significant progress or achievements in a project. These deliverables are often used as checkpoints to assess the project's progress and ensure that it is on track. Examples of milestone deliverables include project plans, design drafts, prototypes, or even interim reports. By setting clear milestones and regularly reviewing the progress, both the project team and the client can stay informed and make necessary adjustments if needed.
Tip: Break down the project into smaller, manageable milestones to make monitoring and tracking progress more effective. This allows for early identification of any potential issues or delays.
Case Study: An advertising agency was tasked with creating a comprehensive marketing campaign for a new product launch. The milestone deliverables in this case were the initial campaign concept, the finalized campaign design, and the campaign launch plan. By setting clear milestones and conducting regular meetings with the client, the agency was able to deliver a successful marketing campaign that generated significant buzz and sales for the client's product.
Understanding the different forms of project outputs is essential for delivering successful results. By being aware of these types of deliverables, you can effectively plan, execute, and communicate throughout the project lifecycle, ensuring that both you and your client are aligned and satisfied with the final outcomes.
setting clear expectations is crucial when it comes to defining deliverables in your client contract. By clearly outlining what you will deliver to your client, you can avoid misunderstandings, manage client expectations, and ensure a successful outcome for both parties involved. In this section, we will explore some key steps and tips to help you effectively define deliverables in your client contract.
1. Define the scope of work: Start by clearly defining the scope of work in your contract. This includes outlining the specific tasks, activities, and outcomes that you will deliver to the client. For example, if you are a web designer, you might specify that your deliverables include designing a website, creating a logo, and providing a style guide. By clearly defining the scope, you can avoid any ambiguity and ensure that both you and your client are on the same page.
2. Be specific and measurable: It is essential to be specific and measurable when defining deliverables in your contract. Vague or ambiguous language can lead to misunderstandings and disagreements down the line. Instead, use clear and concise language to describe what will be delivered. For instance, instead of saying "create content," specify the number of blog posts, social media updates, or web pages that will be provided. This ensures that both you and your client have a clear understanding of what will be delivered.
3. Set deadlines and milestones: Setting deadlines and milestones is crucial for managing client expectations and ensuring timely delivery of your deliverables. Clearly state the timeline for each deliverable, including start and end dates, as well as any intermediate milestones. This helps both parties stay accountable and ensures that the project progresses smoothly. For example, if you are developing a software application, you might establish milestones for completing the user interface design, programming, and testing phases.
4. Include acceptance criteria: To avoid any disputes or disagreements over the quality of deliverables, it is essential to include acceptance criteria in your contract. These criteria should outline the standards that the deliverables must meet to be considered satisfactory and acceptable to the client. For instance, if you are a copywriter, you might specify that the deliverables should be free from grammatical errors, adhere to a specific tone of voice, and align with the client's brand guidelines. By including acceptance criteria, you provide clarity on what constitutes a successful deliverable.
5. Communicate and collaborate with the client: effective communication and collaboration with your client throughout the project are vital for ensuring successful deliverables. Regularly update your client on the progress, seek feedback, and address any concerns or questions they may have. By involving your client in the process, you can ensure that their expectations are met and make any necessary adjustments along the way. This collaborative approach fosters a positive client relationship and increases the likelihood of delivering a successful outcome.
In conclusion, setting clear expectations and defining deliverables in your client contract is essential for a successful project. By following these steps and tips, you can avoid misunderstandings, manage client expectations, and ensure that both you and your client are on the same page. Remember, clear communication, specificity, and collaboration are key to delivering successful results to your clients.
How to Define Deliverables in Your Client Contract - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
One of the key aspects of ensuring successful results in any project is establishing milestones and breaking down deliverables into manageable tasks. This not only helps in tracking progress but also provides a roadmap for the project team to follow. By setting clear milestones, you can effectively manage the project timeline, identify potential bottlenecks, and ensure that each task is completed in a timely manner. Here are some tips on how to establish milestones and break down deliverables into manageable tasks:
1. Identify the key deliverables: The first step in establishing milestones is to clearly identify the key deliverables of the project. These are the tangible outcomes that you and your client have agreed upon. For example, if you are working on a website development project, the key deliverables could include designing the homepage, creating the navigation structure, and integrating a content management system.
2. Break down deliverables into smaller tasks: Once you have identified the key deliverables, it is important to break them down into smaller tasks. This helps in better understanding the scope of work and allows you to allocate resources accordingly. For instance, if one of the key deliverables is designing the homepage, the smaller tasks could include creating wireframes, designing the layout, and selecting appropriate images and colors.
3. Assign deadlines to each task: To ensure that the project stays on track, it is crucial to assign deadlines to each task. This helps in prioritizing work and managing resources effectively. It is important to set realistic deadlines that take into account the complexity of each task and the availability of resources. By assigning deadlines, you can easily track progress and identify any potential delays.
4. Establish dependencies between tasks: In some projects, certain tasks may be dependent on the completion of others. It is important to identify these dependencies and establish them in your project plan. This helps in managing the workflow and ensures that tasks are completed in the correct sequence. For example, in a software development project, the task of testing the code cannot be started until the programming task is completed.
5. Monitor progress and adjust milestones if needed: As the project progresses, it is important to regularly monitor the progress of each task and adjust milestones if needed. This allows you to adapt to any changes or unforeseen circumstances that may arise during the project. By monitoring progress, you can identify any potential bottlenecks or issues and take corrective actions to ensure successful completion of the project.
Case Study: In a marketing campaign project, the key deliverables were identified as designing the campaign strategy, creating promotional materials, and executing digital marketing activities. The project team broke down these deliverables into smaller tasks such as conducting market research, designing creatives, and setting up social media campaigns. By assigning deadlines to each task and monitoring progress, the team successfully completed the project within the agreed timeline and achieved the desired results.
By establishing milestones and breaking down deliverables into manageable tasks, you can effectively manage your projects and ensure successful results. This approach allows for better planning, tracking, and resource allocation, ultimately leading to improved client satisfaction and project outcomes.
Breaking Down Deliverables into Manageable Tasks - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
Once you have a clear understanding of the deliverables outlined in your client contract, it is essential to establish a system for tracking and monitoring their progress. This step is crucial to ensure timely completion and maintain the expected level of quality. By implementing effective tracking and monitoring strategies, you can stay on top of your deliverables, address any potential roadblocks promptly, and ultimately deliver successful results to your clients.
1. Establish a timeline and milestones: Start by creating a detailed timeline that includes specific milestones for each deliverable. This will help you track progress and ensure that tasks are completed within the agreed-upon timeframe. Clearly define what needs to be accomplished at each milestone, and set realistic deadlines to avoid unnecessary delays.
Example: Let's say you are working on a website development project. Your timeline could include milestones such as completing the homepage design, developing the backend functionality, and conducting user testing. By tracking the progress at each milestone, you can ensure that the project stays on schedule.
2. Utilize project management tools: There are numerous project management tools available that can streamline the tracking and monitoring process. These tools allow you to assign tasks, set deadlines, and track progress in real-time. By centralizing all project-related information in one place, you can easily monitor the status of each deliverable and make necessary adjustments if needed.
Tip: Consider using tools like Trello, Asana, or Monday.com to keep track of your deliverables. These platforms offer features such as task assignment, progress tracking, and deadline reminders.
3. Regularly communicate with your team: Open and consistent communication with your team members is vital for tracking and monitoring deliverables effectively. Schedule regular meetings or use collaboration tools to discuss the progress, address any challenges, and ensure that everyone is on the same page.
Case Study: In a marketing campaign project, the team faced unexpected delays in content creation, which affected the timely delivery of deliverables. By having regular check-ins, the project manager identified the bottleneck and promptly allocated additional resources to speed up the content creation process. This proactive approach helped the team meet the deadlines and maintain the campaign's quality.
4. Conduct quality checks: Tracking and monitoring deliverables is not just about meeting deadlines; it also involves ensuring the expected level of quality. Regularly conduct quality checks to ensure that each deliverable meets the agreed-upon standards. This can include reviewing the work, conducting tests, or seeking feedback from clients or end-users.
Tip: Create a checklist or quality criteria specific to each deliverable to ensure consistency and accuracy. This will help you identify any potential issues early on and take corrective actions promptly.
By implementing these tracking and monitoring strategies, you can proactively manage your deliverables, ensure timely completion, and maintain the desired level of quality. Remember that effective communication, utilizing project management tools, and conducting regular quality checks are key to delivering successful results to your clients.
Ensuring Timely Completion and Quality - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
Scope creep refers to the gradual expansion of a project's scope beyond its original boundaries. It often occurs when changes to deliverables are introduced throughout the project's lifecycle. While some changes are inevitable and necessary for project success, uncontrolled scope creep can lead to missed deadlines, increased costs, and overall project failure. Therefore, it is crucial for project managers to effectively manage scope creep and ensure that changes to deliverables are properly addressed. Here are some strategies to help you navigate and mitigate scope creep:
1. Clearly define and document project requirements: The first step in managing scope creep is to have a clear understanding of the project's objectives and deliverables. This includes documenting the requirements, expectations, and constraints of the project in a detailed manner. By doing so, you establish a baseline against which any changes can be evaluated. For example, if a client requests additional features, you can refer back to the documented requirements to determine if the changes align with the original scope or if they require further discussion.
2. Establish a formal change control process: Implementing a change control process allows you to evaluate and manage changes to deliverables systematically. This process should include a formal request for change, evaluation of the impacts on the project's scope, timeline, and budget, and obtaining approval from relevant stakeholders before implementing the changes. By implementing a change control process, you can ensure that all changes are properly evaluated and prevent unauthorized modifications to the project scope.
3. communicate effectively with stakeholders: Open and transparent communication with stakeholders is key to managing scope creep. Regularly update them on the project's progress, any changes to the deliverables, and the potential impacts of those changes. This helps manage expectations and ensures that stakeholders are aware of the consequences of scope creep. For instance, if a change in deliverables will result in a delay, communicate this early on to manage stakeholder expectations and minimize potential conflicts.
4. Set realistic deadlines and manage expectations: Setting realistic deadlines from the beginning of the project is essential in preventing scope creep. Clearly communicate the project timeline and milestones to both your team and stakeholders. Be transparent about the potential impacts of any changes to deliverables on the project's timeline and manage expectations accordingly. By doing so, you can avoid unnecessary pressure and ensure that all parties involved have a realistic understanding of the project's progress.
5. Monitor and track changes: Regularly monitor and track any changes made to the project's scope and deliverables. Use project management tools or software to document and track all changes, including the reasons behind them and their impact on the project. This allows you to have a clear overview of the project's scope and helps identify any patterns of scope creep. By having a comprehensive record of changes, you can better manage and control scope creep throughout the project's lifecycle.
Case Study: A software development project was on track to meet its deadline when the client requested additional functionality. The project manager followed the change control process, evaluating the impacts on the project's scope, timeline, and budget. After careful consideration, it was determined that implementing the requested changes would result in a significant delay and increased costs. The project manager communicated the potential consequences to the client, providing alternative solutions that aligned with the original scope. By effectively managing scope creep and maintaining open communication, the project was able to proceed successfully without compromising the agreed-upon timeline.
In conclusion, managing scope creep requires proactive measures to address changes to deliverables effectively. By defining project requirements, establishing a change control process, communicating with stakeholders, setting realistic deadlines, and monitoring changes, project managers can navigate scope creep and ensure successful project outcomes.
Dealing with Changes to Deliverables - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
1. Regular updates are crucial when it comes to keeping your clients informed about the progress of their deliverables. Effective communication not only builds trust but also ensures that expectations are aligned throughout the project. By providing timely updates, you can address any concerns or questions your clients may have, and make necessary adjustments to meet their needs. Here are some tips on how to effectively communicate with clients and keep them informed about the progress of their deliverables:
2. set clear expectations from the start: Before beginning any project, it is essential to establish clear expectations with your clients regarding the frequency and format of progress updates. Discuss the preferred communication channels, such as email, phone calls, or project management tools, and agree upon a schedule for updates. This will help both parties stay on the same page and avoid any misunderstandings.
3. Use project management tools: Utilizing project management tools can streamline communication and enhance transparency. These tools allow you to create a centralized platform where clients can access real-time updates on the progress of their deliverables. By providing them with access to tasks, timelines, and milestones, clients can track the project's progress at their convenience, eliminating the need for constant back-and-forth communication.
4. Provide regular status reports: In addition to using project management tools, sending regular status reports can help keep clients informed about the progress of their deliverables. These reports should include a summary of completed tasks, upcoming milestones, any challenges encountered, and the anticipated timeline for future deliverables. By providing comprehensive updates, you demonstrate your commitment to transparency and accountability.
5. Be proactive in addressing concerns: Effective communication is not just about providing updates; it also involves addressing any concerns or questions your clients may have. Actively listen to their feedback and promptly respond to their inquiries. By being proactive in addressing concerns, you can foster a positive client relationship and ensure that their expectations are met throughout the project.
6. Share success stories and case studies: sharing success stories and case studies with your clients can help them understand the progress being made and the value of your work. Highlight specific achievements, milestones, or positive outcomes that have been accomplished so far. This not only keeps clients informed but also reinforces their confidence in your ability to deliver successful results.
7. Seek client input and involvement: Involving clients in the decision-making process can enhance their engagement and satisfaction. Seek their input on key deliverables, design choices, or any other aspects where their expertise or preferences can contribute to the project's success. By actively involving clients, you create a collaborative environment and ensure that the final deliverables meet their expectations.
8. Be transparent about challenges and setbacks: While it is important to celebrate successes, it is equally crucial to be transparent about any challenges or setbacks encountered during the project. Communicate any unforeseen circumstances or delays promptly, along with a plan for resolution. By being upfront about challenges, you demonstrate your commitment to problem-solving and maintaining transparency in the client relationship.
Keeping clients informed about the progress of their deliverables is essential for building trust, managing expectations, and ensuring successful outcomes. By following these tips and incorporating effective communication strategies, you can maintain a strong client relationship and deliver results that exceed their expectations.
Keeping Them Informed about Deliverable Progress - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
1. Set clear evaluation criteria: When assessing the success of project deliverables, it is essential to establish clear evaluation criteria from the outset. These criteria should align with the project objectives and client expectations. For example, if the goal is to increase website traffic by 20%, then one evaluation criterion could be the percentage increase in website visitors compared to the baseline.
2. Use measurable metrics: To effectively evaluate deliverables, it is crucial to use measurable metrics. These metrics provide concrete data that can be compared against the established evaluation criteria. For instance, if the project involves developing a marketing campaign, metrics such as click-through rates, conversion rates, and return on investment can be used to assess the success of the deliverables.
3. Seek feedback from stakeholders: Gathering feedback from stakeholders is an invaluable way to evaluate the success of project outputs. This feedback can come from clients, end-users, or other relevant parties involved in the project. For example, if the deliverable is a software application, seeking feedback from users can provide insights into its usability, functionality, and overall satisfaction.
4. Conduct post-implementation reviews: Once the deliverables have been implemented or deployed, conducting post-implementation reviews can help assess their success. These reviews involve analyzing the performance of the deliverables against the established evaluation criteria and identifying any areas for improvement. For instance, if the deliverable is a new product, a post-implementation review may involve analyzing sales data, customer feedback, and market response to determine its success.
5. learn from case studies: examining case studies of similar projects can provide valuable insights into evaluating deliverables. By studying how other projects have assessed the success of their outputs, you can gain a better understanding of the methodologies and approaches that have proven effective. case studies can also highlight potential pitfalls or challenges to consider when evaluating your own deliverables.
6. Continuously improve: Evaluation should not be a one-time event but an ongoing process throughout the project lifecycle. By continuously monitoring and assessing the success of project outputs, you can identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments. For example, if the deliverable is a website, regularly analyzing website analytics and user feedback can help optimize its performance and user experience.
7. Seek external expertise: In some cases, seeking external expertise can provide valuable insights and an unbiased perspective when evaluating deliverables. External consultants or experts can bring fresh ideas and methodologies to the evaluation process, enhancing its effectiveness. For instance, if the deliverable is a marketing campaign, engaging a marketing consultant can provide valuable insights into its effectiveness and suggest improvements.
In conclusion, evaluating the success of project deliverables is essential to ensure that they meet client expectations and achieve the desired outcomes. By setting clear evaluation criteria, using measurable metrics, seeking feedback from stakeholders, conducting post-implementation reviews, learning from case studies, continuously improving, and seeking external expertise when necessary, you can effectively assess the success of your project outputs.
Assessing the Success of the Project Outputs - Deliverables: Ensuring Successful Results: Understanding Deliverables in Your Client Contract
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