1. Introduction to Customer Data Platforms
2. The Evolution of Data Management in Marketing
3. Key Features of a Robust Customer Data Platform
4. Integrating Customer Data Platforms into Your Marketing Strategy
5. Leveraging Real-Time Data for Personalized Marketing
6. Ensuring Compliance and Security in Data Platforms
7. Success Stories of Customer Data Platforms
8. Future Trends in Customer Data Platform Technology
9. Choosing the Right Customer Data Platform for Your Business
In the realm of enterprise marketing, the advent of customer Data platforms (CDPs) has been a game-changer. These platforms serve as a centralized hub designed to collect, organize, and activate customer data from various sources. Unlike traditional databases, CDPs are built with marketers in mind, offering user-friendly interfaces and powerful integration capabilities that enable marketing teams to harness a 360-degree view of customer interactions. This holistic approach not only streamlines data management but also empowers personalized marketing strategies that resonate with individual customer needs and preferences.
From the perspective of a data analyst, CDPs are invaluable for their ability to unify disparate data sets, providing a single source of truth that can be leveraged for comprehensive analysis. For a marketing strategist, the appeal lies in the platform's capacity to segment audiences and tailor campaigns with unprecedented precision. Meanwhile, IT professionals appreciate CDPs for their robustness and ease of integration with existing systems, ensuring data consistency and security across the board.
Let's delve deeper into the intricacies of Customer Data Platforms:
1. Data Integration: CDPs can integrate data from multiple sources, including online and offline channels. For example, a retailer might use a CDP to combine e-commerce transaction data with in-store purchase history and customer service interactions.
2. real-Time processing: The ability to process data in real-time is crucial for timely and relevant customer engagement. A CDP can trigger a personalized email to a customer who abandoned their shopping cart, offering a discount to encourage completion of the purchase.
3. Customer Segmentation: By analyzing customer behavior and demographics, CDPs enable marketers to create detailed segments. A travel company could use this feature to target customers who frequently book international flights with special offers for exotic destinations.
4. Personalization: With the insights gathered, CDPs facilitate highly personalized marketing efforts. An online streaming service might use viewing history data to recommend new shows or movies, increasing engagement and subscription retention.
5. Compliance and Privacy: CDPs are designed with privacy regulations in mind, helping businesses stay compliant with laws like GDPR and CCPA. They ensure customer data is handled securely and consent is managed appropriately.
6. Analytics and Reporting: Advanced analytics capabilities allow for the measurement of marketing campaign effectiveness and customer lifetime value. A financial services firm could use these insights to refine their cross-sell strategies for different customer segments.
7. AI and Machine Learning: Many CDPs incorporate AI to predict future customer behaviors, enabling proactive marketing actions. For instance, a telecom operator might predict churn risk and proactively offer tailored plans to at-risk customers.
In practice, a CDP can transform the way a business interacts with its customers. Take, for example, a multinational cosmetics brand that implemented a CDP to unify customer data across all touchpoints. The brand was able to create personalized beauty recommendations for each customer, leading to increased loyalty and sales.
Customer Data Platforms represent a significant leap forward in the ability of enterprises to understand and engage with their customers. By breaking down data silos and enabling sophisticated data-driven marketing strategies, CDPs are not just a tool but a strategic asset in the modern marketing landscape.
Introduction to Customer Data Platforms - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
The landscape of data management in marketing has undergone a significant transformation over the past few decades. Initially, marketing data was sparse and often limited to customer surveys and sales data. However, the advent of digital technology brought about a sea change, enabling marketers to track customer behavior across various touchpoints. This evolution has been marked by several key developments, from the creation of databases and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems to the sophisticated use of big Data and Artificial intelligence (AI) in contemporary Customer Data Platforms (CDPs).
1. The Database Marketing Era:
In the 1980s and 1990s, database marketing became the cornerstone of data-driven marketing strategies. Marketers began to collect and store customer data in structured databases, allowing for more targeted and personalized communication. For example, a retailer might use purchase history data to send catalogues tailored to the customer's previous purchases.
2. The Rise of CRM:
The late 1990s and early 2000s saw the rise of CRM systems, which provided a more holistic view of the customer by integrating data from various channels, including in-store transactions, phone calls, and emails. Companies like Salesforce revolutionized this space by offering cloud-based CRM solutions, making customer data more accessible and actionable.
3. The Advent of Big Data:
With the explosion of digital channels in the 2000s, 'Big Data' became a buzzword. Marketers now had access to vast amounts of data, including web browsing histories, social media interactions, and mobile app usage. This era saw the emergence of data management platforms (DMPs) that could handle the scale and complexity of this data, enabling marketers to segment audiences and tailor campaigns with unprecedented precision.
4. The integration of AI and Machine learning:
The current phase in the evolution of data management is characterized by the integration of AI and machine learning. These technologies allow CDPs to not only collect and store data but also to predict customer behavior and automate decision-making. For instance, Netflix uses machine learning algorithms to recommend shows and movies based on a user's viewing history.
5. The Future - privacy-First Data management:
Looking ahead, the focus is shifting towards privacy-first data management practices in response to increasing regulatory scrutiny and consumer awareness. Marketers are exploring new ways to collect and utilize data while respecting user privacy, such as using anonymized data or obtaining explicit consent.
The evolution of data management in marketing reflects the broader technological advancements and cultural shifts towards data privacy. Marketers who understand and adapt to these changes will be well-positioned to deliver more effective and responsible marketing campaigns.
In the realm of enterprise marketing, the ability to gather, analyze, and act upon customer data is paramount. A robust customer Data platform (CDP) stands at the core of this capability, serving as the central repository where all customer information is stored and processed. The significance of a CDP cannot be overstated; it is the heartbeat of customer-centric marketing strategies, enabling businesses to create a unified customer view, drive personalized marketing campaigns, and enhance customer experiences.
From the perspective of data analysts, marketers, IT professionals, and executives, the key features of a robust CDP include:
1. Data Integration: A CDP must have the capability to integrate data from various sources, including online and offline channels, CRM systems, and other third-party data providers. For example, a CDP might combine browsing history from a website with purchase history from in-store transactions to create a comprehensive customer profile.
2. real-Time Data processing: The platform should process data in real-time, allowing for immediate action based on the latest customer interactions. This could mean sending a personalized offer to a customer who just abandoned their online shopping cart.
3. Identity Resolution: It should be able to resolve identities across devices and platforms, linking multiple interactions to a single customer profile. Consider a customer who interacts with a brand through a mobile app, social media, and in-store visits; a CDP should recognize these as activities of one individual.
4. Segmentation and Targeting: Effective segmentation and targeting capabilities are essential for creating focused marketing campaigns. For instance, a CDP might segment customers based on their lifetime value or recent engagement levels.
5. Predictive Analytics: Leveraging machine learning algorithms to predict future customer behaviors is a feature that sets apart advanced CDPs. An example is predicting which customers are most likely to churn and initiating retention strategies proactively.
6. Privacy and Compliance: With increasing concerns over data privacy, a CDP must ensure compliance with regulations such as GDPR and CCPA, providing tools for consent management and data governance.
7. Actionable Insights: Beyond data collection and analysis, a CDP should offer actionable insights that can be directly translated into marketing strategies. This might involve identifying the most effective channels for customer acquisition.
8. Scalability: As businesses grow, so does their data. A CDP must be scalable to handle increasing volumes without compromising performance.
9. Customization and Flexibility: Different businesses have unique needs, and a CDP should offer customization options to cater to these specific requirements.
10. user-Friendly interface: To be truly effective, a CDP should have an interface that is accessible to users across the organization, not just data specialists.
By incorporating these features, a CDP becomes an invaluable asset for any enterprise looking to harness the power of customer data. For example, a retail company might use its CDP to track customer preferences and purchase history, enabling it to send personalized product recommendations and offers, thereby increasing customer loyalty and lifetime value. In essence, a robust CDP is not just a data repository; it is a dynamic tool that empowers businesses to make data-driven decisions and foster meaningful connections with their customers.
Key Features of a Robust Customer Data Platform - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
In the realm of enterprise marketing, the integration of Customer Data Platforms (CDPs) into marketing strategies marks a transformative step towards data-driven decision-making. CDPs serve as a centralized hub for collecting, organizing, and activating customer data from various touchpoints. This integration enables marketers to craft personalized experiences, streamline customer journeys, and ultimately drive conversions and loyalty. By leveraging the rich insights provided by CDPs, businesses can gain a competitive edge in understanding and anticipating customer needs.
From the perspective of a marketing executive, the value of a CDP lies in its ability to provide a 360-degree view of the customer. This comprehensive perspective allows for more targeted and effective marketing campaigns. For instance, a CDP can help identify high-value customers based on their interaction history and facilitate tailored promotions to enhance their lifetime value.
IT professionals, on the other hand, appreciate CDPs for their role in unifying data silos. By integrating disparate data sources, CDPs ensure that customer information is consistent, up-to-date, and accessible across the organization. This integration can be exemplified by a retail company that combines online shopping data with in-store purchase history, creating a unified customer profile that enhances cross-channel marketing efforts.
Data analysts find CDPs instrumental for their advanced analytics capabilities. With the ability to process large volumes of data, CDPs empower analysts to uncover trends and patterns that inform strategic decisions. For example, a CDP might reveal that customers who watch a particular video on a company's website are more likely to purchase a specific product, guiding the marketing team to focus on video content.
Here's an in-depth look at how CDPs can be integrated into your marketing strategy:
1. Data Collection and Integration
- Collect data from all customer touchpoints, including websites, mobile apps, social media, and in-store interactions.
- Use CDPs to merge this data into a single customer view, eliminating duplicates and inconsistencies.
2. Segmentation and Personalization
- segment customers based on behavior, demographics, and purchase history.
- Create personalized marketing messages and offers that resonate with each segment.
3. customer Journey optimization
- Map out the customer journey and identify key touchpoints.
- Use CDP data to optimize interactions at each stage, ensuring a seamless experience.
4. Predictive Analytics
- Employ machine learning algorithms within CDPs to predict future customer behaviors.
- Anticipate needs and preferences to proactively engage customers.
5. real-Time engagement
- Implement real-time triggers based on customer actions or inaction.
- Engage with customers at the moment of relevance, such as sending a cart abandonment email.
6. Privacy and Compliance
- Ensure that your CDP complies with data privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA.
- Use consent management features within CDPs to maintain customer trust.
For example, a travel company might use its CDP to identify customers who frequently book business-class flights and target them with an exclusive offer for a loyalty program upgrade. This personalized approach not only enhances the customer experience but also increases the likelihood of upselling premium services.
Integrating CDPs into your marketing strategy is not just about harnessing technology; it's about transforming the way you connect with customers. By doing so, you can deliver more relevant, timely, and impactful marketing initiatives that drive business growth and customer satisfaction.
Integrating Customer Data Platforms into Your Marketing Strategy - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
In the realm of enterprise marketing, the ability to leverage real-time data stands as a transformative force, particularly in the domain of personalized marketing. The advent of Customer Data Platforms (CDPs) has ushered in an era where data is not just abundant but also actionable. Real-time data empowers marketers to deliver personalized experiences that resonate with individual customer preferences and behaviors. This dynamic approach to marketing is not just about addressing the customer by name but about understanding the context of each interaction and responding in the moment with relevant content, offers, and recommendations. The agility provided by real-time data analytics means that marketing strategies can be adapted on the fly, ensuring that the customer journey is seamless, engaging, and, most importantly, effective in driving conversions and loyalty.
1. Immediate Personalization: Real-time data allows for immediate personalization of the customer experience. For example, if a customer is browsing a website, real-time analytics can track their behavior and immediately trigger personalized content or offers. This could be in the form of a pop-up discount on the items they are viewing or a personalized recommendation based on their browsing history.
2. Predictive Analytics: By analyzing real-time data, CDPs can predict future customer behavior and preferences. This predictive capability enables marketers to anticipate needs and craft messages that are likely to be well-received. For instance, a CDP might predict that a customer who has been researching winter coats is likely to purchase one soon, prompting the platform to send a timely and relevant coat promotion.
3. Segmentation and Targeting: Real-time data enhances segmentation and targeting. Marketers can create dynamic segments based on real-time interactions, rather than relying on static demographic information. A practical example is segmenting users who have shown interest in a particular product category during a specific time frame, such as those looking at fitness equipment in January, and targeting them with New Year's resolution promotions.
4. optimizing Customer journeys: With real-time data, marketers can optimize customer journeys on the go. If a customer abandons their cart, an immediate follow-up email with a special offer or a reminder could be sent to encourage completion of the purchase.
5. enhanced Customer service: Real-time data can also enhance customer service. If a customer encounters an issue, real-time monitoring can alert customer service representatives who can proactively reach out to assist before the customer even has a chance to complain.
6. event-Triggered marketing: Events such as a customer's birthday or a significant purchase anniversary can trigger personalized marketing actions. Real-time data ensures that these triggers are acted upon instantly, making the customer feel valued and increasing brand loyalty.
7. A/B Testing: Real-time data facilitates rapid A/B testing of marketing messages and campaigns, allowing marketers to quickly determine what works best and refine their strategies accordingly.
By harnessing the power of real-time data through CDPs, marketers can create a more personalized, responsive, and ultimately successful marketing strategy. The key lies in the ability to not only collect and analyze data but to act on it in a timely manner, delivering experiences that are tailored to the individual and their current context. This level of personalization is what sets leading enterprises apart in today's competitive landscape.
Leveraging Real Time Data for Personalized Marketing - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
In the realm of enterprise marketing solutions, the security and compliance of customer data platforms (CDPs) are paramount. As businesses collect and analyze an ever-growing volume of customer data, the need to safeguard this sensitive information becomes critical. Not only must companies protect against data breaches and cyber threats, but they must also navigate a complex landscape of regulatory requirements. From GDPR in Europe to CCPA in California, the rules governing data privacy are both stringent and varied, necessitating a robust approach to compliance.
To ensure that data platforms remain both secure and compliant, organizations must adopt a multifaceted strategy. This involves not only the deployment of advanced security measures but also the establishment of comprehensive governance policies and ongoing monitoring practices. By considering the perspectives of IT security professionals, legal advisors, and data scientists, companies can develop a holistic framework that addresses the various challenges associated with managing customer data.
1. Data Encryption: At the core of any secure data platform is encryption. By encrypting data both at rest and in transit, companies can ensure that even if unauthorized access is gained, the information remains unintelligible and useless to the intruder. For example, a financial services firm might employ AES-256 encryption to protect customer account details, thereby securing sensitive information from potential breaches.
2. Access Control: Implementing strict access control measures is essential. This means defining user roles and permissions to ensure that only authorized personnel have access to specific data sets. A retail company, for instance, might restrict access to customer purchase histories to senior marketing analysts, thereby minimizing the risk of internal data leaks.
3. Regular Audits: Conducting regular audits helps in identifying potential vulnerabilities and ensuring that all security measures are up to date. An e-commerce platform could perform quarterly security assessments to check for any compliance issues or gaps in their data protection strategy.
4. Data Anonymization: When analyzing large data sets, anonymizing data can help maintain individual privacy while still yielding valuable insights. A healthcare provider might use anonymized patient data to study treatment outcomes without compromising patient confidentiality.
5. incident Response plan: Having a well-defined incident response plan enables a swift reaction to any data breaches, minimizing potential damage. For instance, a technology company might have a protocol in place for immediate isolation of affected systems and notification of stakeholders in the event of a security breach.
6. Compliance Training: Regular training sessions for employees on compliance standards and data handling best practices are crucial. A multinational corporation could conduct bi-annual workshops to keep staff updated on the latest data privacy regulations and company policies.
7. Vendor Management: Ensuring that third-party vendors comply with security standards is just as important as internal measures. A marketing agency might require all software providers to undergo a thorough security evaluation before integrating their tools into the company's CDP.
By integrating these practices into their operations, businesses can not only protect their customer data but also build trust with their clientele, knowing that their personal information is handled with the utmost care and respect. The convergence of security and compliance in data platforms is not just a technical necessity but a strategic imperative in today's data-driven business environment.
Ensuring Compliance and Security in Data Platforms - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
In the realm of enterprise marketing, the implementation of Customer Data Platforms (CDPs) has revolutionized the way companies interact with their customers. These platforms serve as a centralized hub for collecting, organizing, and activating customer data across various touchpoints, enabling businesses to deliver more personalized and effective marketing campaigns. The success stories of CDPs are not just limited to enhanced customer experiences; they also include significant improvements in marketing efficiency, increased revenue, and deeper insights into customer behavior. By integrating data from multiple sources, CDPs provide a comprehensive view of the customer journey, allowing marketers to make data-driven decisions that resonate with their target audience.
From a strategic standpoint, CDPs empower organizations to break down silos between departments, fostering a more collaborative environment where customer insights are shared and leveraged across teams. This holistic approach to data management has led to notable successes in various industries. Here are some case studies that highlight the transformative impact of CDPs:
1. Retail Revolution: A leading fashion retailer implemented a CDP to unify customer data from their online and offline channels. By leveraging this integrated data, they were able to create highly targeted campaigns that resulted in a 30% increase in conversion rates and a 25% uplift in average order value. The CDP's ability to provide real-time insights also enabled the retailer to adjust their strategies promptly in response to changing customer preferences.
2. Banking on Personalization: A multinational bank utilized a CDP to personalize its customer interactions across all touchpoints. By analyzing transactional data alongside behavioral data, the bank crafted personalized financial advice for its customers, leading to a 20% increase in customer satisfaction scores and a 15% growth in cross-sell opportunities.
3. Travel Tailored to Taste: A travel agency harnessed the power of a CDP to offer customized travel packages. By understanding individual travel patterns and preferences, they could suggest relevant additional services, resulting in a 40% rise in ancillary sales and improved customer loyalty.
4. Healthcare with a Human Touch: A healthcare provider integrated a CDP to deliver a more patient-centric experience. By consolidating patient data from various sources, they provided personalized care plans and timely follow-ups, which saw a 35% improvement in patient engagement and a reduction in readmission rates.
5. Media that Connects: A media conglomerate used a CDP to tailor content recommendations across their digital platforms. By analyzing viewing habits and engagement metrics, they were able to present content that matched individual preferences, leading to a 50% increase in viewer retention and a more robust subscriber base.
These case studies demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of CDPs in enhancing customer relationships and driving business growth. By placing customer data at the heart of their marketing strategies, companies can unlock new opportunities and achieve remarkable success in today's competitive landscape.
Success Stories of Customer Data Platforms - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
As we delve into the future trends in customer Data Platform (CDP) technology, it's essential to recognize that the landscape is rapidly evolving. The driving force behind this evolution is the growing demand for personalized customer experiences, which requires a deep understanding of customer data. CDPs are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their ability to collect, analyze, and activate customer data across various touchpoints. This not only enhances customer engagement but also provides valuable insights for businesses to make data-driven decisions.
From the perspective of data privacy, there is a growing emphasis on ensuring that CDPs are compliant with global data protection regulations. This means that future CDPs will need to be more transparent and secure, providing customers with control over their personal information. Another viewpoint considers the integration capabilities of CDPs, suggesting that they will need to seamlessly connect with a wide array of marketing tools and platforms to provide a unified customer view.
Here are some in-depth insights into the future trends of CDP technology:
1. AI and machine Learning integration: CDPs will increasingly leverage AI and machine learning algorithms to predict customer behavior, personalize content, and optimize customer journeys. For example, an AI-powered CDP could predict when a customer is likely to make a purchase and trigger a personalized marketing campaign to maximize conversion rates.
2. Real-time Data Processing: The ability to process data in real-time will become a standard feature of CDPs, enabling businesses to react instantly to customer interactions. Imagine a scenario where a customer abandons their shopping cart, and the CDP immediately sends a tailored message offering assistance or a discount to encourage completion of the purchase.
3. Enhanced Data Integration: Future CDPs will offer more robust integration with external data sources and third-party systems, allowing for a more comprehensive view of the customer. For instance, integrating social media data can help businesses understand customer sentiment and tailor their marketing strategies accordingly.
4. Privacy by Design: With increasing scrutiny on data privacy, CDPs will adopt a 'privacy by design' approach, ensuring that customer data is handled ethically and in compliance with regulations like GDPR and CCPA. This might involve features that allow customers to easily manage their data preferences and consent settings.
5. decentralized Data management: There may be a shift towards decentralized data management within CDPs to enhance security and data sovereignty. This could involve using blockchain technology to create a secure and transparent record of customer data transactions.
6. Predictive Analytics: CDPs will become more proactive in their analytics capabilities, using historical data to forecast future trends and customer behaviors. For example, a CDP might analyze past purchase patterns to identify potential upsell opportunities for different customer segments.
7. Voice and Conversational Interfaces: As voice-activated devices become more prevalent, CDPs will need to adapt to capture and analyze voice data. This will enable businesses to engage with customers through new channels and provide a seamless omnichannel experience.
8. Customer Data Platforms as a Service (CDPaaS): The trend towards cloud-based services will see the rise of CDPaaS, offering scalable and flexible CDP solutions to businesses of all sizes. This model will lower the barrier to entry for smaller businesses looking to leverage the power of CDPs.
The future of CDP technology is one of greater intelligence, integration, and interactivity. As businesses strive to stay ahead of the curve, they will turn to CDPs that not only handle vast amounts of data but also translate that data into actionable insights that drive growth and customer satisfaction. The key will be to balance innovation with responsibility, ensuring that customer data is used ethically and in a way that enhances the customer experience.
Future Trends in Customer Data Platform Technology - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
In the rapidly evolving digital landscape, businesses are inundated with data from various touchpoints. Harnessing this data effectively is crucial for delivering personalized customer experiences and driving marketing success. A Customer Data Platform (CDP) serves as the backbone for any data-driven organization, integrating disparate data sources into a unified customer database that is accessible to other systems. However, choosing the right CDP is a pivotal decision that can significantly impact your business's ability to innovate and grow.
When evaluating CDPs, it's essential to consider several key factors from different perspectives:
1. Data Integration Capabilities: The primary function of a CDP is to consolidate data from multiple sources. Look for platforms that offer seamless integration with your existing tools and can handle both structured and unstructured data. For example, a retail business might use a CDP to merge online shopping behavior with in-store purchase history, creating a comprehensive view of customer interactions.
2. Real-Time Data Processing: In today's fast-paced market, the ability to process and act on data in real-time is invaluable. A CDP that offers real-time data updates can empower businesses to react promptly to customer actions, like sending a personalized offer to a customer who just abandoned their cart.
3. Scalability: As your business grows, so will your data. It's important to choose a CDP that can scale with your needs without compromising performance. Consider cloud-based solutions that offer flexibility and can accommodate spikes in data volume, such as during a major sales event.
4. Compliance and Security: With increasing regulations like GDPR and CCPA, data privacy and security are more important than ever. Ensure the CDP you choose has robust security measures in place and can help you comply with data protection laws.
5. User-Friendly Interface: The CDP should be accessible to users across your organization, not just the IT department. Look for platforms with intuitive interfaces that enable marketers to create segments, launch campaigns, and derive insights without needing technical expertise.
6. advanced Analytics and Machine learning: To truly leverage customer data, a CDP should offer advanced analytics capabilities. Some platforms come equipped with machine learning algorithms that can predict customer behavior, identify high-value segments, and automate personalized marketing actions.
7. Vendor Support and Community: A supportive vendor and an active user community can greatly enhance the value of a CDP. Look for vendors that offer comprehensive support, training, and a platform for users to share best practices.
8. Cost Efficiency: Finally, consider the total cost of ownership, including setup, maintenance, and subscription fees. A CDP might offer an array of features, but it's important to assess whether you'll be using them all and if they justify the cost.
By carefully considering these factors, businesses can select a CDP that not only meets their current needs but also supports future growth and innovation. For instance, a B2B company might choose a CDP with strong account-based marketing features, while a media company may prioritize content personalization capabilities.
The right CDP can transform your business by turning data into actionable insights and personalized customer experiences. It's a strategic investment that requires thoughtful consideration but promises a significant return in the form of enhanced customer engagement and increased revenue.
Choosing the Right Customer Data Platform for Your Business - Enterprise marketing solutions: Customer Data Platforms: Harnessing the Power of Customer Data Platforms
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