State Transition Testing: How to Test Your Product by Analyzing Its States and Transitions

1. Understanding State Transition Testing

## The Essence of state Transition testing

State Transition Testing revolves around the idea that software systems can be modeled as a finite set of states, and their behavior is determined by transitions between these states. Imagine a simple vending machine: it can be in various states like "idle," "accepting coins," "dispensing," or "out of order." The transitions occur when a user inserts coins, selects a product, or when the machine runs out of stock.

### Insights from Different Perspectives

1. Tester's Viewpoint:

- As testers, we focus on identifying the states and transitions relevant to the system under test (SUT). We create a state transition diagram (STD) that visually represents these states and transitions.

- Our goal is to ensure that the SUT behaves correctly during state changes. We design test cases that cover all possible transitions, including valid and invalid ones.

- For example, in an e-commerce application, we might test the transition from "cart" to "checkout" when a user clicks the "Proceed to Checkout" button. We also verify that the system handles unexpected transitions gracefully (e.g., going from "logged out" to "payment successful").

2. Developer's Viewpoint:

- Developers use state transition diagrams to understand the system's behavior. These diagrams help them implement the correct logic for state transitions.

- They write code to handle state changes, update variables, and trigger relevant actions. For instance, when a user submits a login form, the system transitions from "not logged in" to "logged in."

- Developers also consider edge cases, such as transitions triggered by timeouts, exceptions, or unexpected inputs.

3. Business Analyst's Viewpoint:

- business analysts collaborate with stakeholders to define the system's states and transitions. They gather requirements and capture business rules.

- They ensure that the STD aligns with the business logic. For instance, a banking application might have states like "account open," "funds transferred," and "loan approved."

- Business analysts also consider user journeys and scenarios. For instance, a user transitioning from "shopping" to "payment" should follow a smooth path.

### In-Depth Exploration: Key Concepts

Let's explore some essential concepts related to state transition testing:

1. State Transition Diagram (STD):

- An STD visually represents the states, transitions, and events in a system. It consists of nodes (states) connected by directed edges (transitions).

- Example: Consider an elevator system. States could be "idle," "moving up," "moving down," and "door open." Transitions occur when buttons are pressed or when the elevator reaches a floor.

2. Valid and Invalid Transitions:

- Valid transitions follow the system's rules and business logic. Invalid transitions represent unexpected behavior.

- Example: In a game, a player can transition from "playing" to "paused" (valid), but not directly from "paused" to "game over" (invalid).

3. Guard Conditions and Actions:

- Guard conditions determine whether a transition is allowed. They involve checking variables, inputs, or system conditions.

- Actions are performed during transitions. For instance, updating a database, sending notifications, or displaying messages.

- Example: A user can transition from "logged in" to "profile updated" only if they've provided valid input.

### Real-World Example: ATM Withdrawal

Imagine testing an ATM withdrawal process:

1. States: "Idle," "Card Inserted," "PIN Entered," "Amount Selected," "Dispensing Cash," and "Transaction Complete."

2. Transitions:

- Inserting a card (valid transition from "Idle" to "Card Inserted").

- Entering the correct PIN (valid transition from "Card Inserted" to "PIN Entered").

- Selecting an amount (valid transition from "PIN Entered" to "Amount Selected").

- Dispensing cash (valid transition from "Amount Selected" to "Dispensing Cash").

- Completing the transaction (valid transition from "Dispensing Cash" to "Transaction Complete").

3. Guard Conditions:

- The ATM checks the PIN validity before allowing the transition to "PIN Entered."

- Sufficient funds must be available for the "Amount Selected" transition.

4. Actions:

- Deducting the withdrawn amount from the account balance.

- Updating transaction records.

Remember, state transition testing isn't just about covering happy paths; it's about exploring the system's behavior under various conditions. So, next time you encounter a software system, think about its states and transitions—they hold the key to understanding its inner workings!

2. Mapping Out the Different States of Your Product

## The Importance of Identifying States

From a testing perspective, identifying states is essential for creating comprehensive test scenarios. Each state presents unique challenges and opportunities for validation. By mapping out these states, you gain insights into how your product behaves under different conditions. Let's explore this topic from multiple viewpoints:

### 1. user-Centric perspective

users interact with your product across various states. Consider a mobile app: it can be in the following states:

- Launching state: When the app is starting up.

- Idle state: The default state when the app is open but not actively performing any task.

- Loading state: When data or content is being fetched.

- Error state: When something goes wrong (e.g., network failure, server error).

- Active state: When the user is actively using the app (e.g., browsing, creating content).

Example: Imagine a social media app. If a user tries to post a photo while offline, the app should gracefully handle the error state and provide feedback.

### 2. System-Centric Perspective

From a system perspective, states impact resource utilization, memory management, and performance. Consider a web server:

- Startup state: When the server initializes and sets up connections.

- Listening state: The server is ready to accept incoming requests.

- Processing state: Handling client requests.

- Shutdown state: When the server terminates gracefully.

Example: A server transitioning from the listening state to processing state must manage resources efficiently to avoid bottlenecks.

### 3. Product Configuration

Products often have configurable settings that affect their behavior. These settings introduce additional states:

- Default state: Initial configuration.

- Customized state: User-adjusted settings.

- Reset state: Restoring default settings.

Example: A smart thermostat can be in different states based on temperature thresholds, user preferences, and energy-saving modes.

### In-Depth Exploration

Let's dive deeper into identifying states using a numbered list:

1. State Enumeration:

- List all possible states relevant to your product.

- Consider both high-level states (e.g., "online," "offline") and granular ones (e.g., "syncing data," "waiting for input").

- Example: An e-commerce website might have states like "product browsing," "checkout," and "order confirmation."

2. State Transitions:

- Understand how your product transitions between states.

- Define triggers (events, user actions) that cause transitions.

- Example: A video streaming app transitions from "paused" to "playing" when the user taps the play button.

3. Boundary States:

- Identify edge cases and boundary conditions.

- Consider scenarios where the product behaves differently (e.g., low battery, extreme temperatures).

- Example: A GPS navigation app should handle loss of satellite signal gracefully.

4. Error States:

- Document error conditions and recovery mechanisms.

- How does your product handle unexpected situations?

- Example: A banking app should handle failed transactions and provide clear error messages.

### Conclusion

By meticulously mapping out states, you empower your testing efforts, enhance user experience, and ensure robust system behavior. Remember that states are dynamic—products evolve, and new states may emerge. Stay vigilant, adapt, and keep exploring the ever-changing landscape of your product's states!

Now, let's transition to the next section, where we'll explore state transitions in more detail.

3. Recognizing the Actions that Trigger State Changes

### The Importance of Defining Transitions

#### 1. User-Centric Perspective

From a user-centric viewpoint, state transitions represent the visible changes in an application's interface or behavior. Imagine a simple e-commerce website where a user adds an item to their cart. The transition from the "browsing" state to the "cart" state involves several actions:

- User clicks "Add to Cart" button: This action triggers the transition.

- System updates the cart icon: The visual change reflects the new state.

- Cart summary displays the added item: The interface adapts to the transition.

understanding these actions and their impact on the system's states allows testers to verify that the correct transitions occur. For instance, if the cart icon fails to update, it indicates a defect in the transition logic.

#### 2. System Behavior

From a system behavior perspective, transitions involve more than just visual changes. Consider a mobile banking app that allows users to transfer funds. The transition from the "account overview" state to the "transfer funds" state involves:

- User selects an account: The app identifies the source account.

- User enters recipient details and amount: The system validates the input.

- System deducts the amount from the source account: The internal state changes.

Testing these transitions ensures that the system correctly processes user inputs, maintains data consistency, and adheres to business rules. A failure in any of these steps could lead to incorrect fund transfers or data corruption.

#### 3. Error Handling

Transitions also play a crucial role in error handling. When an unexpected event occurs (e.g., network failure during a file upload), the system must gracefully transition to an appropriate state. For instance:

- User initiates file upload: The system enters the "uploading" state.

- Network connection drops: The system transitions to the "error" state.

- User receives an error message: The interface communicates the transition.

Effective testing involves scenarios where transitions occur due to exceptional conditions. Testers must verify that error messages are accurate, and the system gracefully handles unexpected situations.

### Examples of Transition Testing

1. Login Process:

- User enters valid credentials.

- System transitions from "logged out" to "logged in."

- Verify that the user profile page displays correctly.

2. Order Processing:

- User submits an order.

- System transitions from "pending" to "processing."

- Check if inventory levels are updated and payment is processed.

3. Form Validation:

- User submits a registration form.

- System validates inputs (e.g., email format, password strength).

- Transition occurs from "input" to "validation success" or "validation error."

### Conclusion

Recognizing actions that trigger state changes is essential for comprehensive testing. By understanding transitions from both user and system perspectives, testers can identify defects, ensure smooth user experiences, and maintain system integrity. So, the next time you interact with an application, remember that behind every button click lies a fascinating world of state transitions!

4. Creating Test Scenarios for Each State Transition

Understanding State Transition Testing: Creating Test Scenarios for Each State Transition

In software testing, state transition testing focuses on examining how a system transitions from one state to another. Whether it's a web application, a mobile app, or an embedded system, understanding state transitions is crucial for ensuring robust and reliable software. Let's break down the process of designing test cases specifically for state transitions:

1. Identify States and Transitions:

- Begin by identifying the different states your system can be in. These states could be related to user interactions, data processing, or system behavior.

- For instance, consider an e-commerce application. States might include "logged in," "browsing products," "adding items to the cart," "checkout," and "order confirmation."

- Next, map out the transitions between these states. How does the system move from one state to another? What triggers these transitions?

2. Create Test Scenarios:

- Test scenarios represent specific situations or conditions that need to be tested. Each scenario should cover a unique state transition.

- Let's take an example from a banking application. Suppose we have states like "account balance inquiry," "fund transfer," and "transaction history."

- Test scenarios could include:

- Scenario 1: Account Balance Inquiry

- Initial State: User is logged in.

- Transition: User clicks on "Check Balance."

- Expected Outcome: Display the account balance.

- Scenario 2: Fund Transfer

- Initial State: User is logged in.

- Transition: User initiates a fund transfer.

- Expected Outcome: Validate transfer details and update balances.

- And so on for other scenarios.

3. Consider Boundary Conditions:

- Pay attention to boundary conditions during state transitions. These are critical points where unexpected behavior might occur.

- For instance, when transitioning from "idle" to "processing," what happens if the system receives multiple requests simultaneously?

- Test scenarios should cover both normal transitions and edge cases.

4. Use Decision Tables:

- Decision tables are a powerful tool for state transition testing. They help you systematically explore different combinations of inputs and states.

- Create a table with input conditions (such as user actions) and corresponding state transitions.

- Example:

| Input Condition | current state | Next State |

| Click "Add Item" | Cart Empty | Cart Populated |

| Click "Checkout" | Cart Populated | Checkout Page |

5. Leverage State Diagrams:

- State diagrams visually represent states, transitions, and events. They provide a clear overview of the system's behavior.

- Draw a state diagram for your application, including all relevant states and transitions.

- Use it as a reference while designing test cases.

6. Regression Testing:

- Whenever you modify the system (e.g., add new features or fix bugs), revisit your state transition test cases.

- Ensure that existing transitions still work as expected and that new ones adhere to the defined scenarios.

Remember, state transition testing isn't just about checking boxes; it's about understanding the dynamics of your software. By meticulously designing test cases, you'll uncover hidden issues, validate user flows, and contribute to a more robust product.

5. Performing State Transition Tests

### The Essence of State Transition Testing

State transition testing revolves around the concept of finite state machines (FSMs). An FSM represents a system as a set of states connected by transitions. Each state corresponds to a specific condition or mode, and transitions define how the system moves from one state to another. Here are some key insights from different perspectives:

1. The Tester's Viewpoint:

- As testers, our primary goal is to validate that the system behaves correctly during state changes. We need to identify the relevant states, transitions, and associated conditions.

- Consider a simple example: an elevator. It has states like "idle," "moving up," "moving down," and transitions triggered by button presses or floor sensors.

- Our test scenarios should cover all possible state transitions, including valid and invalid ones. For instance, testing what happens when the elevator receives a "go to floor 10" command while it's already moving.

2. The Developer's Perspective:

- Developers design the state machine and implement the transitions. They need to ensure that the system adheres to the specified behavior.

- Code reviews and static analysis play a crucial role. Developers should verify that transitions are correctly coded, state variables are updated consistently, and edge cases are handled.

- Example: In a game, transitioning from "playing" to "paused" should save the game state, stop animations, and disable user input.

3. The User's Experience:

- Users interact with the system through its states and transitions. Their experience depends on how well these are implemented.

- Imagine a music player app. When the user presses the "play" button, the system should transition from "paused" to "playing." If it fails to do so, frustration ensues.

- Usability testing ensures that state transitions align with user expectations. For instance, testing how quickly the app responds to user input during transitions.

### In-Depth Exploration

Let's dive deeper into the specifics of state transition testing:

1. Identify States and Transitions:

- Enumerate all possible states your system can be in. For a login page, states might include "logged out," "logging in," and "logged in."

- Define transitions between states. For instance, from "logged out" to "logging in" when the user submits credentials.

2. Boundary Conditions:

- Test edge cases. What happens when the system transitions from one extreme state to another?

- Example: In an e-commerce checkout process, what if the user clicks "checkout" without adding any items to the cart? How does the system handle this transition?

3. Invalid Transitions:

- Verify that invalid transitions are gracefully handled. If a user tries to log in without providing credentials, the system should not crash.

- Consider a thermostat system. If the user sets the temperature below freezing, how does it respond?

4. Concurrency and Parallelism:

- When multiple transitions occur simultaneously, ensure consistency.

- In a chat application, if two users send messages simultaneously, how does the system handle updating the chat history?

5. State Persistence:

- Test whether the system retains state information correctly. If a mobile app is interrupted (e.g., by a phone call), does it resume from where it left off?

### Examples in Action

1. Online Shopping Cart:

- State: "Empty cart," "Adding items," "Checkout."

- Transitions: Adding items, removing items, proceeding to checkout.

- Test scenarios: Add an item, remove an item, proceed to checkout with an empty cart.

2. flight Booking system:

- State: "Selecting flight," "Entering passenger details," "Payment."

- Transitions: Selecting a flight, entering passenger details, making payment.

- Test cases: Simulate a failed payment during the "Payment" state, verify that passenger details persist.

Remember, state transition testing isn't just about checking boxes; it's about understanding the system's behavior and ensuring a seamless user experience. By embracing this approach, you'll uncover hidden defects and contribute to a more reliable product.

6. Verifying the Systems Response to Unexpected Actions

### Understanding Invalid Transitions

1. The Nature of Invalid Transitions:

Invalid transitions occur when the system moves from one state to another in a way that violates the intended behavior. These transitions can result from user input, external events, or internal errors. Examples include:

- A user attempting to log in with an incorrect password.

- An order processing system transitioning from "Pending" to "Shipped" without payment confirmation.

- A file upload process encountering an unexpected file format.

2. Viewpoints on Handling Invalid Transitions:

- User-Centric Perspective:

From the user's standpoint, encountering an invalid transition can be frustrating. The system should provide clear feedback, guiding users toward valid actions. Error messages should be informative, avoiding technical jargon.

Example: Imagine a user trying to submit a form with missing required fields. The system should highlight the missing fields and suggest corrections.

- Developer's Lens:

Developers need to anticipate invalid transitions during system design and implementation. Proper validation checks, exception handling, and logging mechanisms are essential.

Example: A developer coding an e-commerce checkout process should validate credit card details before transitioning to the "Payment Confirmed" state.

- Tester's Role:

Testers play a crucial role in identifying and validating invalid transitions. Test scenarios should cover boundary cases, unexpected inputs, and edge conditions.

Example: A tester simulating a network failure during a file transfer should verify that the system gracefully handles the interruption.

3. Strategies for Verifying Invalid Transitions:

- Boundary Testing:

Explore the boundaries of valid input ranges. For numeric values, test minimum and maximum values. For date fields, check edge cases like leap years.

Example: Testing an age input field with values 0, 120, and 121.

- Negative Testing:

Purposefully provide invalid inputs (e.g., non-numeric characters in a numeric field) and observe the system's behavior.

Example: Entering "ABC" as a quantity in an inventory management system.

- State Transition Diagram Analysis:

Review the system's state transition diagram. Identify transitions that should not occur and validate them.

Example: Ensuring that a "Logged Out" user cannot directly transition to the "Admin" state.

- Exploratory Testing:

Freestyle testing where testers actively explore the application, intentionally trying unexpected actions.

Example: Randomly clicking buttons during an online booking process to see if any invalid transitions occur.

4. Examples of Invalid Transitions:

- E-commerce Checkout:

If a user tries to proceed to payment without adding any items to the cart, the system should prevent the transition and display an appropriate message.

- Workflow Applications:

In a document approval workflow, an unauthorized user attempting to approve a document should trigger an invalid transition.

- Game States:

In a game, transitioning from "Paused" to "Game Over" without resuming play should be considered invalid.

### Conclusion

Handling invalid transitions is not just about preventing errors; it's about enhancing user experience and system robustness. By thoroughly testing and validating these scenarios, we contribute to a more reliable and user-friendly software product. Remember, the unexpected can happen, and our systems should be prepared to gracefully handle it.

7. Exploring Edge Cases and Extreme State Transitions

### The Importance of Boundary Testing

Boundary testing is like navigating the fringes of a map—the places where the known meets the unknown. It's where the system's behavior transitions from one state to another, and these transitions can be delicate, prone to unexpected behavior. Here are some insights from different perspectives:

1. user Experience perspective:

- Imagine a user filling out an online form. They enter their age, and the system calculates insurance premiums based on predefined age brackets. What happens when the user enters an age right at the boundary of two brackets? Does the system handle it gracefully or produce incorrect results?

- Boundary testing ensures that the user experience remains smooth even at the edges of input ranges.

2. Developer Perspective:

- Developers often implement conditional logic based on input values. For instance, consider a temperature converter application. If the input temperature is exactly zero degrees Celsius, does the system correctly convert it to Fahrenheit?

- Boundary testing helps developers identify off-by-one errors, rounding issues, and other subtle bugs.

3. quality Assurance perspective:

- QA engineers focus on testing the system's limits. What happens when you upload a file that's exactly the maximum allowed size? Does the system handle it gracefully or crash?

- Boundary testing uncovers vulnerabilities related to memory allocation, buffer overflows, and resource exhaustion.

### In-Depth Exploration: Boundary Testing Techniques

1. Boundary Value Analysis (BVA):

- BVA examines values at the edges of input domains. For numeric inputs, we test the minimum, maximum, and boundary values.

- Example: Testing a credit card validation system. We check if it accepts a 16-digit card number (maximum), a 15-digit card number (boundary), and a 14-digit card number (minimum).

2. Equivalence Partitioning:

- Divide input ranges into equivalence classes. Each class represents a group of equivalent inputs.

- Example: Testing a login form. We create classes for valid usernames, invalid usernames, and empty usernames. Then we test boundary cases within each class.

3. Edge Case Testing:

- Edge cases occur at the boundaries of input ranges or system states. These are often overlooked but can lead to critical defects.

- Example: Testing a flight booking system. We explore scenarios where the departure time is exactly midnight or the return date is the same as the departure date.

4. State Transition Testing:

- Focus on transitions between different states of the system. Boundary conditions play a crucial role here.

- Example: Testing an e-commerce checkout process. We verify that moving from the "cart" state to the "payment" state handles edge cases (e.g., zero items in the cart).

### real-World examples

1. Date Picker Widget:

- When selecting a date, test the first and last days of each month. Also, check leap years.

- Example: Does the widget allow selecting February 29th in non-leap years?

2. Financial Calculators:

- Test loan calculators with loan amounts at the maximum and minimum limits.

- Example: Does the mortgage calculator handle a loan amount of $0 or $1 billion?

3. GPS Navigation:

- Explore scenarios where the vehicle is at the edge of the map or near the boundary of two regions.

- Example: Does the navigation system provide accurate directions when you're on the border between two countries?

Remember, boundary testing isn't just about pushing limits—it's about ensuring robustness, accuracy, and reliability. By exploring the edges, we strengthen the core of our software.

Feel free to share your thoughts or ask for more examples!

8. Evaluating the Systems Behavior in Error States

In this section, we will delve into the crucial topic of error handling and how it impacts the behavior of a system in error states. Error handling plays a vital role in ensuring the reliability and robustness of a product, as it determines how gracefully the system handles unexpected situations and communicates errors to the user.

From a user's perspective, error handling is essential for providing a seamless and intuitive experience. When errors occur, users expect clear and informative messages that guide them towards resolving the issue or seeking assistance. These messages should be concise, easy to understand, and avoid technical jargon that might confuse the user further.

From a developer's standpoint, error handling involves implementing mechanisms to detect, capture, and respond to errors effectively. This includes logging error details, generating error codes or messages, and triggering appropriate actions to mitigate the impact of errors. Developers need to consider various scenarios and anticipate potential errors that users might encounter during the system's operation.

To provide a comprehensive understanding of error handling, let's explore some key insights from different perspectives:

1. Error Types: Errors can be categorized into different types, such as syntax errors, runtime errors, logic errors, and external errors. Each type requires a specific approach for handling and communicating the error to the user.

2. Error Messages: Crafting informative and user-friendly error messages is crucial. Error messages should clearly state what went wrong, provide guidance on how to resolve the issue, and avoid blaming the user for the error. Examples of effective error messages include "Invalid username or password. Please try again" or "Connection lost. Please check your internet connection and try again."

3. Error Recovery: A well-designed system should provide mechanisms for error recovery. This involves offering alternative paths or options to overcome errors and continue the user's workflow. For example, if a file upload fails, the system could provide an option to retry the upload or choose an alternative file.

4. Error Logging and Monitoring: Logging and monitoring errors are essential for diagnosing and resolving issues. By capturing error details, developers can analyze patterns, identify recurring errors, and make improvements to the system's error handling capabilities.

5. User Feedback: collecting user feedback on encountered errors can be valuable for improving the system's error handling. Users can provide insights into the clarity of error messages, the effectiveness of error recovery options, and suggestions for enhancing the overall error handling experience.

Remember, error handling is a critical aspect of any system, and it requires careful consideration and implementation. By prioritizing error detection, clear communication, and effective recovery mechanisms, developers can ensure a smoother user experience and enhance the overall reliability of the product.

9. Documenting Test Results and Drawing Insights from State Transition Testing

### Understanding the Importance of Reporting and Analysis

Reporting and analysis play a pivotal role in any testing process. They provide a structured way to communicate findings, track progress, and make informed decisions. When it comes to state transition testing, these aspects become even more critical. Let's examine them from different perspectives:

1. Test Result Documentation:

- Why Document Test Results? Clear documentation ensures that everyone involved in the testing process understands the outcomes. It serves as a reference for future analysis, debugging, and regression testing.

- What to Include?

- Test Case Details: Describe the test case, including preconditions, inputs, expected outcomes, and actual results.

- Defects and Issues: Document any defects encountered during testing, along with their severity and steps to reproduce.

- Traceability: Link test cases to requirements or user stories.

- Example:

Test Case ID: TC123

Description: Verify user login functionality

Preconditions: User is on the login page

Steps:

1. Enter valid credentials

2. Click "Login"

Expected Outcome: User successfully logged in

Actual Outcome: Passed

2. Drawing Insights from State Transitions:

- State Transition Diagrams: These diagrams visualize the transitions between different states in your application. Analyze them to identify critical paths, edge cases, and potential issues.

- Coverage Metrics:

- State Coverage: How many states have been tested? Are there any untested states?

- Transition Coverage: Have all possible transitions been exercised?

- Example:

State Transition Diagram:

(States: {Idle, Active, Suspended})

(Transitions: {Idle -> Active, Active -> Suspended, Suspended -> Idle})

- If we've only tested transitions from Idle to Active, we need to explore other paths.

- Consider scenarios like transitioning from Active to Suspended due to inactivity.

- Analyze the impact of transitions on data persistence, UI, and system behavior.

3. Regression Analysis:

- Detecting Regression Issues: Compare current test results with previous runs. Any unexpected changes indicate potential regressions.

- Example:

- Suppose a recent code change affects the transition from Active to Suspended. We notice that previously passing test cases now fail. Investigate the root cause and update the documentation accordingly.

4. Risk Assessment:

- High-Risk Transitions: Some state transitions are riskier than others. For instance, transitioning from a payment processing state to a failed state could impact revenue.

- Example:

- A failed payment transition might lead to incorrect billing or loss of customer trust. Prioritize testing these critical paths.

5. Feedback Loop:

- Collaboration: Share test results and insights with developers, product managers, and other stakeholders.

- Continuous Improvement: Use feedback to enhance test cases, update state transition diagrams, and refine your testing strategy.

In summary, effective reporting and analysis empower testers to make informed decisions, uncover hidden issues, and contribute to product quality. By documenting test results and understanding state transitions, we pave the way for a robust testing process.

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