You probably learned in high school chemistry class that core electrons don't participate in chemical bonding.
Analytical Chemistry
Sep 30, 2025
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34
Billions of years ago, water flowed across Mars. Most scientists agree the red planet had rivers. But did those rivers flow into an ocean? New research from the University of Arkansas found strong evidence in Mars' geology ...
Astrobiology
Sep 30, 2025
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28
Aside from being a delight to watch, flight in birds is regarded by many cultures as a symbol of freedom, and a source of inspiration for humans to build our own flying machines. This makes those birds that have given up ...
Ecology
Sep 29, 2025
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0
When Apollo 17 astronauts collected a small rock from the moon more than 50 years ago, they had no way of knowing it would still be challenging scientists' understanding of lunar history today.
Planetary Sciences
Sep 25, 2025
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79
A research team led by geophysicists at UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides an explanation for features that characterize the surface of the solar system's hottest planet.
Planetary Sciences
Sep 17, 2025
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7
The ground-shaking that an earthquake generates is only a fraction of the total energy that a quake releases. A quake can also generate a flash of heat, along with a domino-like fracturing of underground rocks. But exactly ...
Earth Sciences
Sep 16, 2025
0
113
The closest technological species to us in the Milky Way galaxy could be 33,000 light years away and their civilization would have to be at least 280,000 years, and possibly millions of years, old if they are to exist at ...
Astrobiology
Sep 12, 2025
1
39
Life is complicated, and not just in a philosophical sense. But one simple thing we know about life is that it requires energy, and to get that energy it needs certain fundamental elements. A new paper published in The Open ...
Astrobiology
Sep 2, 2025
1
16
A team of geoscientists has identified a subtle but powerful force driving mountain building and compression of Earth's crust in Japan and neighboring regions. The so-called same-dip double subduction (SDDS) in nearby oceanic ...
Earth Sciences
Aug 28, 2025
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22
New research published in the journal Science reveals the red planet's mantle preserves a record of its violent beginnings.
Planetary Sciences
Aug 28, 2025
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11
Plate tectonics (from the Greek τέκτων; tektōn, meaning "builder" or "mason") describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century by Alfred Wegener, and seafloor spreading, understood during the 1960s.
The lithosphere is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. In the case of Earth, there are currently eight major and many minor plates (see list below). The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere. These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent, or collisional boundaries; divergent boundaries, also called spreading centers; and transform boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates is typically at speeds of 50–100 mm annually.
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