How to derive transfer function for buck converter in DCM

The THL 40WI series extends TRACO POWER’s existing DC/DC converter portfolio with 40 Watt, 1” × 1” package converters. With the focus on combining cost #efficiency and #quality this isolated high performance #DCDCconverter series is suitable for many different applications. The series comes in an encapsulated, shielded 1” × 1” × 0.43” metal package and offers integrated remote on/off and trim functions. High efficiency up to 93% enables the converter to operate from –40°C to +65°C without derating. All models have a wide 4:1 input voltage range and precisely regulated, isolated outputs. The series meets the latest IT safety certifications (UL 62368-1) and is suitable for uses in mobile equipment, instrumentation, distributed power architectures in communication and industrial electronics and everywhere where cost efficiency and quality are critical factors.

A reverse-biased Zener diode is a simple yet powerful component. The reverse biased Zener diode is often used in variety of power electronics circuits, such as Voltage regulation Over-voltage protection Providing a stable reference For a practical understanding, imagine inside the diode two people at work: One is constantly monitoring the voltage across the terminals. The other adjusts a variable resistor to keep that voltage steady, no matter what happens outside. This “teamwork” ensures the Zener diode maintains a constant voltage across its terminals, making it a key component in electronic designs Note that the series resistor (R) in the circuit limits current and ensures safe operation of the Zener diode.

🔋 The Role of the Double Pulse Test in Medium-Voltage NPC Converters ⚡ In medium-voltage drives, the three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter is one of the most widely adopted topologies thanks to its efficiency, lower harmonic content, and reduced device stress. However, achieving reliable operation requires careful evaluation of the switching behavior of each device in the phase leg. 👉 This is where the double pulse test (DPT) becomes essential. 🔎 Why it matters - Datasheet values are obtained under ideal test setups with minimal parasitics. - In real converter prototypes, busbar inductances, commutation paths, and gate driver design significantly affect switching behavior. - The DPT allows engineers to validate devices inside the actual NPC configuration, ensuring accurate performance assessment. 📊 Key insights from DPT in NPC converters - Turn-on and turn-off losses → define the thermal design of the power cell. - Overvoltage at turn-off → influenced by leakage inductance and di/dt. - Reverse recovery of clamping and freewheeling diodes → impacting efficiency and EMI. - Asymmetric stress on inner vs. outer switches → a critical characteristic of NPC topologies. ⚙️ Gate driver tuning DPT enables the fine adjustment of gate resistance and driver strategies, balancing switching speed, overvoltage, and efficiency — essential for medium-voltage applications where reliability is non-negotiable. 🔑 In summary, for MV NPC converters, the double pulse test is not optional — it is the cornerstone for developing safe, efficient, and robust medium-voltage drives. 📚 Selected References [1] A. Dias, J. A. Alves, Experimental tests to evaluate the electrical behavior of medium voltage power cells with adjustable speed drives, WEG Drives & Controls. [2] J. Korhonen et al., Double pulse test method for neutral point clamped inverter switches at the nominal rating while using only half of the nominal DC link voltage, IEEE SPEEDAM, 2022. [3] R. Jakob et al., 3-Level High Power Converter with Press Pack IGBT, EPE, 2005. #PowerElectronics #MediumVoltage #NPC #IGBT #DoublePulseTest #MVDrives

In DC-DC converters, both gate ringing and switch node ringing can appear in emission and conduction frequency ranges. The question is: 👉 Which one is more critical and most visible during Radiated Emissions (RE)? From my experience, gate ringing tends to be more critical than switch node ringing, often dominating the RE profile. I solved it 🙂 Curious to hear from others in power electronics design: ⚡ What’s your experience — do you also find gate ringing more impactful, or have you seen switch node ringing take the lead? can be easily solved by trade off with power loss using snubber #PowerElectronics #EMI #DCConverter #HardwareEngineering

🔌 Why Capacitors Block DC but Pass AC? ⚡ A capacitor’s behavior depends on frequency. For DC (f = 0) → Capacitive reactance 𝑋𝑐=∞, so it blocks current. For AC (f ≠ 0) → 𝑋𝑐 has a finite value, allowing current to pass. 👉 This simple concept is the foundation of filtering, coupling, and signal processing in electrical and electronic systems. #ElectricalEngineering #Capacitor #ACDC #PowerSystems #EngineeringKnowledge

The aim of this application note is to explain a simple procedure for evaluating power losses in Gen 5 diodes. Our family of Gen 5 diodes consists of ultrafast devices with breakdown voltages of 600 V and 1200 V that are designed to deliver the highest efficiency in high frequency switching circuits. In these circuits, the diodes work in two conditions: forward and reverse. In the forward condition, diodes carry the current while showing the lowest resistance at the current flow (ON state) and the lowest possible voltage anode to cathode. In the reverse condition, the voltage anode to cathode across the diode is negative (OFF state) and the device is like an open circuit, the current flowing through the diode - the leakage current - is very small. In below pdf, shows the visible voltage and current in a typical working condition for a diode in a switching circuit, such as a buck converter. This application note focuses on conduction losses that are related to the voltage across the diode. In every condition, conduction losses for the H series are lower than the X series, but switching losses are different and their contribution should be added to conduction losses to understand if the total losses are minimized with an H speed or X speed device during the forward state and leakage current during the reverse state. The ideal diode has a forward voltage of 0 V and reverse current of 0 A. A real device has a certain voltage anode to cathode that changes as a function of current and temperature when it is ON, and leakage that changes as a function of reverse voltage and temperature when it is OFF. The product voltage times current gives instantaneous power across the diode, whether ON or OFF. #Gen5Dode #Powerlosses #ConductionsLosses #ThermalLosses #Diode #Semiconductors #Electronics #Battery #BMS #EVchargers #Eastman

1. Inductor Behavior . DC (Direct Current) → Passes easily When DC flows, it's constant (no frequency). * An inductor’s reactance depends on frequency . * Inductor 's reactance: XL=2πfL depends on frequency f For DC, →f= 0 → XL= 0 acts like a short circuit. AC (Alternating Current) → Blocked or resisted AC keeps changing direction, which induces an opposing voltage in the inductor (Lenz’s Law). Higher frequency ⇒ larger ⇒ more opposition to AC. --- 2. Capacitor Behaviour. DC (Direct Current) → Blocked DC has zero frequency, so a capacitor eventually charges up and stops current flow. Capacitive reactance . • XC=1÷2πfc For DC, f=0 ⇒Xc= infinity ⇒ acts like an open circuit. AC (Alternating Current) → Passes easily AC constantly changes direction, so the capacitor charges and discharges continuously. Higher frequency ⇒ lower ⇒ easier AC flow. --- Summary Table Component DC Behavior AC Behavior Reason Inductor Passes DC Blocks AC Capacitor Blocks DC Passes AC --- Real-World Use Inductor filters are used in DC power supplies to block AC ripple. Capacitor coupling is used in amplifiers to block DC while allowing AC signal #Electronics #AC #DC #Inductor #Capacitor #ElectricalEngineering #CircuitTheory #PowerElectronics #EngineeringBasics #ElectricalConcepts #SignalProcessing #ElectronicsLearning #TechEducation #CurrentFlow #PhysicsInElectronics #ElectronicsDesign

🚀 Day 2 of My Power Electronics Challenge 📌 Topic: Diodes & Their Types A diode is the simplest semiconductor device, allowing current to flow only in one direction (forward bias) and blocking it in the other (reverse bias). ⚡ Types of Diodes: • PN Junction Diode – basic rectification • Zener Diode – voltage regulation • Schottky Diode – fast switching, low forward drop • LED – light emission • Photodiode – light detection 🌟Applications in Power Electronics: ✔️Rectifiers (AC → DC conversion) ✔️Voltage regulation (Zener) ✔️Freewheeling diodes in SMPS & motor drives ✔️Light-based devices (LED, photodiode) 💡 Fun Fact: Without diodes, AC to DC conversion would not be possible — and hence no power supplies for modern electronics! #Day2 #PowerElectronics #Diodes #EngineeringLearning #PrachiTijare

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𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐅𝐄𝐓 𝐟𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 Fast MOSFET switching is essential for high-efficiency, high-frequency applications like DC-DC converters and motor drivers to reduce heat generation and power loss. To achieve this, you must use a fast gate driver IC to quickly charge and discharge the MOSFET's gate capacitance, select a MOSFET with low gate charge, optimize the gate resistor value for a balance between speed and EMI, and minimize source inductance through proper layout. Precautions include using appropriate snubber networks, ensuring synchronous switching for stacked MOSFETs, and implementing negative gate protection.  Such converters use semiconductor switches that are turned on and off conveniently with the aid of a pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique to regulate the output voltage, wherever required. In hard switching, every time a switch changes its status from off to on, and vice versa, there is an overlap between the voltage across the switch and the current through it. This overlap between voltage and current causes losses, which are referred to as switching losses. These losses grow proportionally with the increase in the switching frequency, because the switching frequency is the repetition rate of the switching events. The size of the converter inductor, capacitor and transformer is highly dependent on the converter switching frequency: the sizes are reduced as the switching frequency increases