Effects of Harmonic Distortion on Power System Components

The distortion in the waveform in the load current of any nonlinear device causes similar changes in the voltage waveform relative to the harmonic impedance of the source network. This voltage distortion affects both the current and voltage for all other loads connected to that system. The common effects of such harmonic distortion are as follows: - Motors and generators - Transformers - Capacitors - Power cables - Electronic equipment - Switchgear and relaying - Fuses - Communication Systems Interference Read more https://lnkd.in/gcUhMaj

Electric power systems performance depend on the operation of circuit breakers. Circuit breaker are used to detect disturbance in the electrical network and to protect the sensitive equipment and instruments The use of a generator circuit breaker could achieve this goal because of the following advantages: 1) Installation of the GCB directly in the generator connections provides a clear and logical plant arrangement. 2) GCB improves the protection of the generator and its step up transformer such as the differential protection zones can be arranged to achieve maximum selectivity. 3) In case there is no GCB, if an internal fault arcs occurred in the step up transformer, the current of the fault arc is delivered by the system from the high voltage side and by the generator. The current fed from the system is interrupted by the high voltage side circuit breaker, but the generator continues to deliver a significant portion of the fault-arc current until the generator is de-excited, which could take seconds. But if there were a GCB , the generator fed short circuit current is interrupted within cycle and the serious internal or external damage to the transformer can be prevented. Ref: IEEE/IEC 62271-37-013 EMTP ABB

Power transmission voltages are often multiples of 11 due to historical generator designs, transformer calculations, and a 10% voltage increase to compensate for line losses.

Types of Transformers Used in Power Transmission | Classification of Transformer A transformer is a device used in power transmission to transfer electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another, or in multiple circuits at a time. In other words, it is a voltage-control device that is widely used in the distribution and transmission of AC power. These are made to increase or decrease the AC voltage between the circuits while controlling the frequency of the current by creating a conductive connection between the two circuits.

Episode 3.4 ⚡Power Transformer Excitation (No-Load) Test 🎯 Purpose To measure no-load current (excitation current) and no-load loss (core loss). To check transformer core condition, lamination integrity, and winding connections. To ensure OLTC (tap-changer) connections do not introduce abnormal currents. Test Connections Equipment Required: 3-phase variable voltage source (usually Megger MIT525, MIT1025 (UK) Omicron CP100 Power analyzer or 3-phase wattmeter (to measure kW, V, A, power factor). Current transformers (if required). Protection breaker (for safe energization). Connections: 1. Apply rated voltage (at rated frequency) to the HV side of the transformer. If HV rating is very high (132 kV, 220 kV, etc.), usually the test is applied at the LV side, with results converted. 2. Keep the LV side open-circuited (no load connected). 3. Connect wattmeter, ammeter, and voltmeter on the supply side (or use digital power analyzer). 4. Record readings for each tap position of the OLTC. Test Procedure 1. Isolate transformer → ensure LV is completely open. 2. Apply rated frequency AC supply at HV or LV terminals. 3. Record: Line voltages Phase currents Active power (core loss) Power factor 4. Repeat for: First Tap (Max Tap) Middle Tap (Nominal Tap) Last Tap (Min Tap) No-load Loss (Core Loss): Measured power in kW should match factory test report (within ± no-load loss tolerance — usually 15% as per IEC 60076-1). High core loss = shorted laminations, residual magnetism, or core bolt insulation failure. Tap Position Results 1️⃣ At First Tap (Max Tap / Highest Voltage Tap) Voltage applied is highest on HV winding → magnetizing current is lowest. Expected: lowest no-load current, lowest iron loss. 2️⃣ At Middle Tap (Nominal Tap) Standard reference point for measurement. Current should be within factory specified values. Core losses measured here are compared against nameplate values. 3️⃣ At Last Tap (Min Tap / Lowest Voltage Tap) Effective HV turns are reduced → for same applied voltage, flux increases. Higher flux → highest magnetizing current, highest core loss. But still, current should remain within 2–3% of rated current. How to Interpret Abnormal Results One phase draws significantly higher current → winding shorted turns or core limb issue. Overall current too high across all taps → core damage, high residual flux, or poor assembly. Unbalanced phase currents → wrong winding connections, inter-turn fault, or tap-changer misalignment Core loss much higher than factory value → moisture in core insulation, faulty lamination, or incorrect oil level affecting flux path. ✅ Summary: Connect supply on HV side (LV open). Record no-load current, power, and power factor at 1st, middle, and last taps. Excitation current must be within 0.5–2% of rated current (per IEC/IEEE). Expect: Lowest current at Max Tap Nominal current at Middle Tap Highest current at Min Tap 📝check the same for the LV side

Beckwith Electric's M-3311A Transformer Protection Relay allows you to protect transformers of all sizes and other important power system apparatus. It protects 2, 3, and 4 winding transformers for both transmission and distribution applications. It offers unit protection of other electrical apparatuses and certain bus arrangements (including those with a transformer in the zone). The M-3311A can be used for system backup protection, load shedding of voltage and frequency, bus protection, and individual breaker failure protection for each winding input. Available voltage configurations include zero, two, or four voltage inputs, and ground differential configurations include one, two, or three current inputs. Additional features of the M-3311A include: ·      Optional Ethernet connection and expanded I/O. ·      Optional voltage package includes: ·      24 Volts/Hz overexcitation ·      27 Phase undervoltage ·      59G ground overvoltage ·      81O/U over/under frequency Click here to learn more about the M-3311A Transformer Protection Relay: https://lnkd.in/ew2bV-eB

✔️ Transformer Details:- ✅ What is Transformer Transformer is a static device. Which transfers the electrical energy one from to another from without change in frequency. ✅ Types of Transformer # By voltage ⚡- 1. Step-Up Transformer 2. Step-Down Transformer 3.Isolation Transformer # By Application - 1.Power Transformer 2.Distribution Transformer 3.Instrument Transformer # By Core Material 1. Shell type transformer 2. core type transformer 3. berry type transformer ✅ Part of the Transformer

#HH_Rig 3300HP 1- Main generator:- - the VFD system in HH rigs contains 3 main generators and 2 standby They supply 600 Vac with 60 HZ to the system, and this power feeds the system via MT breakers that are also mounted for synchronising cabinet and also feeds the top drive system. - generator specs: 3516 CHD 1200RPM 60HZ Kato generator - Protection parameters:- Over voltage Under voltage Over frequency +10% Under frequency -10% Over excitation Over current Reverse power Short circuit Power limit And we put this parameters to control generator paralleling operation at the same time to monitor safer operation. #MFR (multi function relay):- It’s a protective relay and it measures (current,voltage,frequency, active and reactive power) It sends these parameters to instruments and protective circuits and controllers. The protective circuits which follow all these parameters saved in protection circuits which are connected to main breaker and Tripp it off in emergency cases. #speed_regulation process:- - we have the module called #woodward2301D (electronic governer),which feeds the engine by diesel . It takes signal from flywheel MPU and it regulates stable frequency on O/P and also helps in load sharing process with other generators. #Gen_voltage_build_up_sequence:- The power control will be affected directly working complete control system, so we have four way power supply. 1- a direct 24VDC power from HOC batteries that was from synchronising cabinet that feeds the engine governer. 2- when MCC is energised, the 24VDC supply comes from regulated power supply, this power will feed AVR and measuring protectors. Notice:- we sholud feed the regulator power supply before electric generator and its fed by 220Vac from MCC 3- the AVR will control the firing pulses, excitation and power generation. 4- 600 Vac will be transformed by T1 to 220Vac, and supply power to control circuits and regulator power supply. #Generator_load_balance :- - it’s done by load balance regulator which contains 2 items: * 2301D Woodward *KVR - for adjusting load we have 2 switches:- 1- SA2 potentiometer for speed adjustment 2- SA3 potentiometer for volt adjustment #synch_sequence :- As known to put more than one generator on the same line, we should keep the phase sequence equal zero, so we have in this system complete cabinet for synchronisation which contains: 1- synchronisation inspection unit: It’s manual synchronisation (synch selection, voltage difference inspection, frequency difference inspection and non synch switch on lock) 2- synch unit SA1 (synch selection switch) PH (cy meter) PT (synch scope) PV (voltmeter) SB5 (switch on) Synch mode #operatin_theory:- * off >>> stop idle >>>when start running Run >>> when gives 1200 RPM * online >>> with no load * on load >>> carrying load

Medium Voltage Switchgear Switchgear plays a critical role in the safe and efficient distribution of electrical power. The diagram below highlights the key components of Medium Voltage Switchgear and their functions: 1️⃣ Arc Chamber – manages and extinguishes arcs during switching. 2️⃣ Low-voltage Wire-way – organizes control wiring. 3️⃣ Low-voltage Compartment – houses relays, meters, and control devices. 4️⃣ Busbar Compartment – distributes power to different circuits. 5️⃣ Circuit Breaker Compartment – protects against overloads and faults. 6️⃣ Automatic Shutters – enhance safety during maintenance. 7️⃣ Earth Switch – provides grounding for safety. 8️⃣ Current Transformers – measure and monitor current. 9️⃣ Voltage Transformers – provide voltage scaling for metering. 🔟 Cable Terminations – connect incoming and outgoing cables. 1️⃣1️⃣ Earth Bar – ensures proper grounding. A well-designed switchgear system ensures safety, reliability, and efficiency in power distribution networks. hashtag #ElectricalEngineering #Switchgear #PowerDistribution #Safety #Energy