DevOps Interview Questions and Answers

Scenario Based DevOps Interview questions and answers: 91. How do you implement CI/CD for microservices? Answer: Use separate pipelines per microservice → Containerize each → Deploy to Kubernetes via Helm/ArgoCD → Centralized monitoring. 92. How do you troubleshoot GCP IAM permission denied errors? Answer: Check service account roles → Use gcloud projects get-iam-policy → Grant least privilege role needed → Retry operation. 93. How do you handle Kubernetes pod scheduling failures? Answer: Run kubectl describe pod → Check taints/tolerations → Check node resources → Add tolerations or scale nodes. 94. How do you automate backups in DevOps workflows? Answer: Schedule backups with Velero for Kubernetes → Automate DB backups with scripts in pipelines → Store backups in GCS/Azure Blob. 95. How do you debug a Jenkins job stuck on “Waiting for Executor”? Answer: No free agents → Increase executors → Add agent nodes → Use Kubernetes dynamic agents. 96. How do you implement canary release in Azure DevOps? Answer: Use Azure Traffic Manager/App Gateway → Route small % of traffic to new version → Gradually increase if stable. 97. How do you troubleshoot failed Docker image push to registry? Answer: Check registry credentials → Validate image name/tag → Ensure repository exists → Retry with correct login. 98. How do you enforce least privilege in Kubernetes? Answer: Use RBAC roles → Bind only necessary permissions → Restrict cluster admin → Enable PodSecurityPolicies/OPA. 99. How do you implement auto-scaling for Jenkins agents? Answer: Integrate Jenkins with Kubernetes plugin → Agents spin up as pods on demand → Auto-terminate after job completion. 100. How do you ensure end-to-end observability in DevOps? Answer: Combine logs (EFK/Loki), metrics (Prometheus/Grafana), and tracing (Jaeger/Zipkin) → Add alerts → Correlate across CI/CD + infra + app. 

Scenario Based DevOps Questions and Answers: 101. How do you troubleshoot Jenkins “Out of Memory” errors? Answer: Increase JVM heap size (-Xmx), clean old builds, archive artifacts to external storage, add monitoring for Jenkins memory usage. 102. How do you implement rollback in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)? Answer: Use kubectl rollout undo for deployments, or Helm rollback (helm rollback release name ). 103. How do you ensure security in Terraform modules used by multiple teams? Answer: Store modules in private registry, enforce security policies (Checkov/tfsec), and code review before release. 104. How do you troubleshoot a failing GCP Cloud Function deployment in CI/CD? Answer: Check logs in Cloud Build → Validate IAM permissions → Ensure environment variables are configured → Rebuild with correct runtime. 105. How do you implement centralized secrets management in multi-cloud (GCP + Azure)? Answer: Use HashiCorp Vault, or integrate GCP Secret Manager + Azure Key Vault with CI/CD → Fetch secrets at runtime. 106. How do you monitor Terraform changes in production? Answer: Store terraform plan -out as artifact → Send diff to Slack/email → Require approval before terraform apply. 107. How do you debug failed persistent volume (PV) mounts in Kubernetes? Answer: Check PVC status (kubectl describe pvc) → Validate storage class → Check node permissions → Fix provisioner issues. 108. How do you secure Docker containers in CI/CD pipelines? Answer: Run image scans (Trivy/Anchore) → Use non-root users → Apply resource limits → Keep images updated. 109. How do you troubleshoot Azure DevOps pipeline agent errors? Answer: Check agent logs → Verify network connectivity → Restart agent service → Re register agent if required. 110. How do you implement immutable infrastructure with Terraform? Answer: Replace resources instead of modifying → Use create_before_destroy lifecycle rule → Store infra definitions in Git.

OpenSearch 3.2 Delivers Hybrid Search, Enhanced Observability Tools: OpenSearch 3.2 has introduced significant enhancements designed to improve usability for DevOps teams, particularly in hybrid search and observability. This release empowers users to manage and analyze data across multiple environments seamlessly, making it easier for teams to gain insights and support their applications effectively. One of the standout features of OpenSearch 3.2 is its hybrid search capabilities, which allow users to search through both structured and unstructured data. This capability is particularly valuable for DevOps professionals who rely on a broad spectrum of data sources to troubleshoot and monitor applications. By integrating these features, OpenSearch streamlines the search process, saving time and increasing efficiency. In addition to hybrid search, enhanced observability tools have been introduced, which grant teams deeper visibility into their applications' performance. These tools facilitate proactive monitoring and troubleshooting, empowering DevOps practitioners to address issues before they escalate. The combination of these features makes OpenSearch a powerful asset for teams focused on optimizing their workflows and maintaining high service reliability. With user experience improvements and robust documentation, OpenSearch 3.2 is positioned as a pivotal tool for organizations looking to accelerate their DevOps practices, truly optimizing their data management strategies through this open-source solution. Read more: https://lnkd.in/gy5mAiDe 🔥 Join the hottest DevOps community! Network, learn, and advance your career with us.

Scenario Based DevOps Interview Questions & Answers 161. How do you troubleshoot Jenkins jobs failing due to missing dependencies? Answer: Check agent environment → Install required tools via Docker image or Ansible → Use containerized build agents for consistency. 162. How do you enforce security in Terraform pipelines? Answer: Integrate tfsec/Checkov scans in CI/CD → Fail build on violations → Use Sentinel/OPA for policy enforcement. 163. How do you handle Kubernetes pods stuck in Terminating state? Answer: Run kubectl delete pod --force --grace-period=0 → Check finalizers → Investigate volumes/network issues. 164. How do you integrate cost monitoring into DevOps pipelines? Answer: Use GCP Billing API/Azure Cost Management → Add cost checks in pipelines → Alert if estimated cost exceeds budget. 165. How do you manage blue-green deployments for APIs? Answer: Run two versions behind load balancer → Route traffic gradually → Use Apigee/Azure API Gateway for traffic splitting. 166. How do you optimize Terraform for large state files? Answer: Split infra into multiple state files → Use modules → Enable parallelism → Store state in remote backend. 167. How do you troubleshoot Azure DevOps pipeline stuck at “queued”? Answer: No available agents → Check agent pool → Scale agents → Verify concurrency limits. 168. How do you manage Kubernetes CronJobs efficiently? Answer: Set concurrency policy → Use resource limits → Monitor with Prometheus alerts → Clean up old jobs. 169. How do you rotate API keys securely in CI/CD? Answer: Store in Secret Manager/Key Vault → Rotate via automation → Update pipeline secrets → Invalidate old keys. 170. How do you troubleshoot slow Terraform plan execution? Answer: Optimize provider API calls → Reduce data sources → Cache modules locally → Split infra into smaller units. 

Scenario Based DevOps Interview Questions and Answers 131. How do you troubleshoot slow Terraform apply? Answer: Reduce resource count per state → Use -parallelism flag → Split infra into modules → Optimize provider API calls. 132. How do you ensure Docker image immutability? Answer: Tag images with version/commit hash → Push immutable tags to registry → Prevent latest usage in pipelines. 133. How do you troubleshoot Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) scaling issues? Answer: Check cluster autoscaler logs → Verify VM quotas in Azure → Ensure correct resource requests/limits. 134. How do you handle Jenkins credentials securely? Answer: Store in Jenkins Credentials Manager → Inject at runtime → Rotate periodically → Integrate with Vault/Key Vault. 135. How do you manage stateful applications in Kubernetes? Answer: Use StatefulSets → PersistentVolumeClaims → Ensure proper storage class → Backup with Velero. 136. How do you monitor CI/CD pipeline performance? Answer: Enable Jenkins Prometheus plugin → Visualize in Grafana → Track build duration, failure rate, queue time. 137. How do you troubleshoot GCP Cloud Build quota exceeded error? Answer: Check quotas in GCP console → Optimize build concurrency → Request quota increase → Split builds. 138. How do you enforce policy-as-code in Terraform? Answer: Use Sentinel (Terraform Cloud) or OPA/Conftest → Define rules (naming, tags, security) → Enforce in pipeline. 139. How do you handle Kubernetes secret exposure in logs? Answer: Prevent kubectl describe from showing → Use kubectl get secret -o jsonpath securely → Audit RBAC → Enable encryption at rest. 140. How do you implement CI/CD rollbacks automatically? Answer: Pipeline detects failure → Triggers kubectl rollout undo or redeploys last known good artifact → Notifies team. 

How to Self-Host Your Notes With Trilium and Docker: In the modern world of digital note-taking, self-hosting solutions offer users greater control over their data. Trilium, an open-source hierarchical note-taking app, allows users to organize, search, and sync their notes effectively. With Docker technology, the process of deploying Trilium on personal servers becomes seamless, ensuring that users can maintain their privacy while still enjoying robust features. Setting up Trilium with Docker involves several straightforward steps: downloading the Docker image, configuring the necessary environment variables, and running the container. Docker simplifies the entire deployment process, making it accessible even for those who might not have extensive DevOps experience. Furthermore, Trilium's rich text editing capabilities and full markdown support cater to a variety of note-taking styles, which can be particularly appealing for users transitioning from traditional platforms. Once running, Trilium provides a user-friendly interface that can be accessed from any device, allowing users to sync notes between multiple platforms effortlessly. With its backup options and advanced search features, Trilium not only addresses the basics of note-taking but also enhances productivity through organization and structured data management. Overall, the combination of Trilium and Docker represents a powerful toolset for DevOps enthusiasts looking to manage their knowledge effectively and securely. Read more: https://lnkd.in/gXewB6Az 💎 Discover DevOps gems! Join our community for valuable resources, tips, and career guidance.

Kubernetes looks simple, until you peek under the hood. I have spoken to hundreds of DevOps engineers, very few were able to explain Kubernetes architecture to me. Breaking architecture down in 8 categories that are worth knowing: 1. Core Objects ↳ Pods, ReplicaSets, Deployments, StatefulSets, Services, Ingress, ConfigMaps, Secrets, PVCs, Jobs, DaemonSets ↳ When to understand ~ To define and manage your applications' fundamental building blocks. 2. Controllers ↳ Deployment Controller, ReplicaSet Controller, StatefulSet Controller, HPA, CronJob Controller, DaemonSet Controller, VPA ↳ When to understand ~ To automate and maintain the desired state of your applications, enabling self-healing and scaling. 3. Architecture Components ↳ API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller Manager, Kubelet, Kube Proxy, Cloud Controller Manager ↳ When to understand ~ To grasp the internal workings and brain of a Kubernetes cluster. 4. Runtime ↳ Docker, containerd, CRI-O, Mirantis Container Runtime (MCR) ↳ When to understand ~ To know how containers are actually executed within your cluster. 5. Security & Policy RBAC, Network Policies, Security Contexts, Service Accounts, PSS, Secrets Encryption When to understand ~ To secure your cluster, control access, and enforce best practices for workloads. 6. Observability ↳Metrics Server, Probes (Liveness, Readiness, Startup), Prometheus, Grafana, OpenTelemetry ↳When to understand ~ To monitor the health, performance, and logs of your applications and the cluster. 7. Extensibility ↳ CRDs, Operators, Helm Charts, Kustomize, Admission Controllers ↳ When to understand ~ To customize and extend Kubernetes capabilities for specific application needs. 8. Webhooks ↳ Mutating Webhooks, Validating Webhooks, OPA, Dynamic Admission Controllers ↳ When to understand ~ To intercept and modify/validate Kubernetes API requests for advanced automation and policy enforcement. Did I miss something? ------- Follow Prashant ‎for more AI, DevOps, Cloud insights.

DevOps & Cloud Engineering: A Beginner’s Guide Curious about DevOps and Cloud Engineering but not sure where to start? Or wondering why every startup seems to be adopting them? Let’s break it down 👇 🔹 What is DevOps & Cloud Engineering? DevOps → A culture + practice that bridges development & operations teams to release software faster, with higher quality. Cloud Engineering → Building and managing apps on platforms like AWS, Azure, GCP for scalability and cost efficiency. Together, they enable faster innovation, reduced downtime, and easy scaling. 💡 Why DevOps is a Game-Changer for Startups Startups deal with rapid development cycles, limited resources, and tight deadlines. DevOps helps them by: ✅ Automating deployments with CI/CD pipelines ✅ Faster feedback with continuous integration & monitoring ✅ Scaling flexibly using cloud & Infrastructure as Code (IaC) ✅ Building a collaborative culture (no more dev vs ops silos) 👉 Early adoption of DevOps = fewer bottlenecks and smoother scaling as the startup grows. 🛠 Core Skills & Tools to Learn If you’re just starting out, focus on: Programming & Scripting → Python, Bash Linux & Networking → The foundation of DevOps Version Control → Git & GitHub CI/CD → Jenkins, GitHub Actions, CircleCI IaC → Terraform, Ansible, CloudFormation Containers & Orchestration → Docker, Kubernetes Cloud Platforms → AWS, Azure, GCP Monitoring & Logging → Prometheus, Grafana, ELK 🚦 How Beginners Can Get Started 1️⃣ Learn basics via courses, YouTube, or tutorials 2️⃣ Practice with small projects (deploy a website, automate scripts) 3️⃣ Use free cloud tiers for hands-on experience 4️⃣ Build a simple CI/CD pipeline 5️⃣ Join communities, attend webinars, follow DevOps blogs 6️⃣ Progress step by step → Linux → scripting → containers → cloud labs

🔧 DevOps: Where "You Build It, You Run It" Meets "Why Is Everything My Problem Now?" DevOps was meant to break down silos. Mission accomplished—now everyone lives in one giant silo of shared confusion and collective responsibility for everything on fire. After 6 years of being the person called when anything goes wrong, here's the unfiltered truth. The 13 Unofficial Laws of the DevOps World: 1. Total Ownership: You built it, you run it, you debug it at 3 AM. 2. Relentless Automation: Automate a 5-minute task for six months. 3. Universal Monitoring: You have 47 dashboards and still find out about outages on Twitter. 4. Infrastructure as Code: Servers are cattle, not pets (unless you've named them). 5. Continuous Integration: Deploy 17 times a day. Each is a small heart attack. 6. Culture Over Tools: Spends more time configuring tools than talking to humans. 7. Silo Breaking: Replaced Dev and Ops silos with Backend, Frontend, and Database DevOps silos. 8. Blameless Postmortems: Writes a 23-page report for a 5-minute outage. 9. ChatOps: Your production deployment happens via emoji reactions. 10. Observability: You can now see when systems are broken with better visibility. 11. Microservices: Replaced one app with 47 services; debugging now requires a PhD. 12. Containers: You spend more time managing containers than the apps inside them. 13. The Pager: Your phone buzzes at 3 AM with alerts about disk space. The DevOps Role Evolution: Year 1: "I deploy applications!" Year 2: "I manage infrastructure!" Year 3: "I orchestrate containers!" Year 4: "I wrangle YAML files!" Year 5: "I debug networking issues in the cloud!" Year 6: "I explain to executives why the internet is slow today!" The Uncomfortable DevOps Truths: Every outage teaches you that you have more single points of failure than you thought. Good continuous deployment makes releases boring, and great ones make rollbacks even more boring. Your perfectly architected system will be brought down by DNS (it’s always DNS), and emergency fixes will always happen right before vacation. The DevOps Paradox: DevOps promised to make software delivery faster, more reliable, and less stressful. It delivered on faster and more reliable. The stress, well, that's now distributed more evenly across the organization. But when DevOps works, it's magical. It's the most frustrating and rewarding job in tech. You’re part engineer, part detective, part therapist, and part wizard. What's your favorite DevOps "character-building experience"? Share below! 🔥 #DevOps #SRE #CloudEngineering #InfrastructureAsCode #ContinuousDeployment #Monitoring #Automation #TechHumor #OnCall #DevLife #SoftwareEngineering #OperationalExcellence

in the world of devops docker plays an important role in smoothly running the app on different environments before docker running apps on different machines was very painful because one app runs well on your laptop but fails on running on server docker solves this problem with containers