Muhammad Ayaz’s Post

⚡Episode 3.5 Power Transformer Turns Ratio (TTR) Test 🎯 Purpose To verify that the actual winding ratio (HV:LV turns) matches the design/nameplate ratio. To ensure correct vector group and polarity. To confirm tap-changer correctness across all tap positions. This test is critical before energization — a wrong ratio or vector group can cause severe circulating currents or parallel operation failure. Test Connections Equipment: Turns Ratio Tester (TTR) (e.g., Megger TTR, DV Power TRT, Omicron CPC100 with TTR module). Wiring Setup: 1. Connect the H terminal of TTR kit to HV bushing terminals of the transformer. 2. Connect the X terminal of the kit to LV bushing terminals. 3. If a tertiary (Δ) winding is present, connect accordingly to verify vector group. 4. Ensure transformer is isolated and discharged before connection. Principle: TTR kit applies a low AC voltage (~80–100 V) to one winding (usually HV) and measures the induced voltage on LV. Ratio = (Applied Voltage / Induced Voltage). Procedure 1. Select the tap position (start from first tap). 2. Apply test voltage through TTR. 3. Record: Ratio (HV/LV) Phase angle error Deviation from nameplate 4. Repeat for middle tap and last tap (plus all in between for OLTC). 5. Compare readings with nameplate ratio and factory test report. Acceptable Readings (IEC / IEEE Standards) Ratio Error Tolerance: ±0.5% (IEC 60076 / IEEE C57). Phase Angle Error: should be < 40 minutes. Vector Group: must match nameplate (e.g., Dyn11, YNd1). If deviation exceeds limits → OLTC problem, wrong winding connection, or shorted turns. Results on Tap Positions 1️⃣ First Tap (Max Tap / Highest Voltage Tap) HV turns are maximum → ratio is highest. Induced LV voltage is lowest for a given applied HV. Ratio error should still be within ±0.5%. 2️⃣ Middle Tap (Nominal Tap) This is the reference point. Ratio must closely match nameplate ratio. Used for base comparison across taps. 3️⃣ Last Tap (Min Tap / Lowest Voltage Tap) HV turns are minimum → ratio is lowest. LV induced voltage is highest. Current in LV winding will be slightly higher at this tap when energized, but for TTR test (low voltage applied), only the ratio matters. ⚡ Important Field Notes Symmetry: All three phases must show nearly identical ratio values; large deviation in one phase suggests winding deformation or OLTC issue. OLTC Jumps: If the ratio suddenly shifts at a particular tap, the OLTC diverter switch is faulty. Vector Group Check: TTR kits can automatically detect vector group; mismatches are often due to wrong bushing labeling or internal misconnection. ✅ Summary Connect TTR kit → HV side (H terminals), LV side (X terminals). Measure ratio at 1st, middle, and last taps. International standard: ratio error ≤ ±0.5%. Expect: Highest ratio at first tap Nominal ratio at middle tap Lowest ratio at last tap Abnormal readings → suspect OLTC, winding, or vector group issues.

Daisy chaining DIN Rail power supplies is often used to increase available current in industrial applications. While effective, engineers must pay attention to voltage alignment, current sharing ratios, terminal ratings, and wiring limits to avoid instability or overload. #Electronics #PowerSupplies #DINrail #Engineering #IndustrialAutomation #ElectricalEngineering #PowerDistribution #SystemDesign #Safety https://lnkd.in/djFDyCSt

𝐒𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 switching regulator is a highly efficient power supply circuit that converts DC voltage by rapidly switching a power transistor on and off, using an inductor to store and transfer energy and a capacitor to filter the output voltage. Its core components are a switch, an inductor, a diode, and a capacitor, which allow it to regulate voltage efficiently, achieve high power density, and generate output voltages that are higher, lower, or of a different polarity than the input voltage.  Switching regulators are increasing in popularity because they offer the advantages of higher power conversion efficiency and increased design flexibility(multiple output voltages of different polarities can be generated from a single input voltage). Buck—used to reduce a DC voltage to a lower DC voltage. Boost—provides an output voltage that is higher than the input. Buck-Boost(invert)—an output voltage that is generated opposite in polarity to the input. Flyback—an output voltage that is less than or greater than the input can be generated, as well as multiple outputs.  Push-Pull—A two-transistor converter that is especially efficient at low input voltages. Half-Bridge—A two-transistor converter used in many offline applications. Full-Bridge—A four transistor converter(usually used in offline designs) that can generate the highest output power of all the types listed.

📌 A Deeper Dive into DC-DC Converters: Buck vs. Boost Topologies Beyond simple voltage conversion, buck and boost converters are sophisticated switched-mode power supplies whose performance hinges on the interplay of key components. Let's look at the core principles: ↘️ Buck Converter (Step-Down): In a buck topology, the switch (MOSFET) chops the input voltage. Switch ON: The inductor is connected to the input, and current ramps up, storing energy in its magnetic field (VL=Vin−Vout). Switch OFF: The input is disconnected. The inductor's collapsing field forward-biases a freewheeling diode, maintaining current flow to the load. The output voltage is regulated by the duty cycle (D): Vout=Vin×D. ↗️ Boost Converter (Step-Up): A boost topology reconfigures the energy transfer to increase voltage. Switch ON: The inductor is connected directly across the input, storing a significant amount of energy while the load is supplied by the output capacitor. Switch OFF: The switch opens, and the inductor's induced voltage adds in series with the input voltage (Vin+VL), forwarding biasing the diode and charging the capacitor to a higher potential. The relationship is defined by Vout=Vin/(1−D). Key Design Considerations: Duty Cycle (D): The primary control mechanism, adjusted by the feedback loop to regulate the output against load and line variations. Switching Frequency (fs): A critical trade-off. Higher fs allows for smaller inductors and capacitors (reducing ripple and physical size), but increases switching losses in the MOSFET, impacting overall efficiency. Transient Response: Sudden load changes can cause voltage droop or overshoot. The converter's ability to quickly adjust the duty cycle and restabilize depends on the control loop's bandwidth and the values of the output filter components (L and C). Understanding these principles is fundamental to designing robust and efficient power management systems. #PowerElectronics #SMPS #BuckConverter #BoostConverter #HardwareDesign #Engineering

⚡ Why Transformers Don’t Work on DC? – The Core Concept Transformers are everywhere — from power grids to your mobile charger. But did you know they only work with AC and not DC? 🤔 🔍 The Basic Principle A transformer works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: "A changing magnetic flux induces an EMF (voltage) in a coil." In AC → Current keeps changing direction → Magnetic flux keeps varying → Induced EMF is generated in the secondary coil → Power transfer happens. In DC → Current is constant → Magnetic flux is constant → No change = No induced EMF. That’s why no voltage transformation happens in DC. ⚠️ What If We Apply DC to a Transformer? Applying DC to a transformer is a critical mistake and a safety hazard! 🚨 The primary winding has very low resistance. With AC, the winding's high inductive reactance limits the current, but with DC, that reactance is zero. This causes a massive, uncontrolled current to rush through the winding. This huge current flow leads to excessive heating 🔥 → winding damage → transformer failure. It's essentially a short-circuit, and the transformer will fail, often spectacularly. This is why standards like IEC 60076 and IEEE C57 strictly classify transformers for AC use only. 💡 Then How Do We Handle DC? For DC voltage conversion → we use DC-DC Converters (choppers, buck/boost circuits). These clever devices use power electronics to "chop up" the DC voltage, creating a pulsed signal that can be stepped up or down. For long-distance DC transmission (HVDC) → converters change AC ↔ DC using sophisticated power electronics. #Transformer #AC #DC #supply #working #electrical #learn #knowledge #network #core #concept #principle #working #voltage #commissioning #testing #engineering #design #Hvdc #magnetic #flux

Pilot Wire Protection – Still Relevant in the Digital Protection Era? In modern substations, we often talk about IEC 61850, fiber optics, and numerical relays. But one scheme that has quietly protected feeders and transformers for decades is the Pilot Wire Protection Scheme. What is it? Pilot wire protection uses a pair of dedicated pilot conductors to connect relays at both ends of a line. These relays continuously exchange information and operate on a differential principle. If a fault occurs within the protected zone, both ends trip almost instantaneously. 🔊Technical Edge:- High sensitivity → detects even low-level internal faults. Fast tripping (20–40 ms) → improves system stability. Selective → trips only the faulted section, avoiding unnecessary outages. Works with balanced voltage or balanced current schemes (depending on relay design). 🏭Applications in Industry:- 11kV / 33kV underground feeders Transformer protection (especially between HV & LV sides) Short transmission lines where dedicated pilot cores are available ⚡ Challenges Today: Requires reliable pilot cables — insulation failure or induced voltage can cause misoperations. Limited distance coverage (typically 15–20 km). Being replaced by communication-assisted distance / differential schemes using PLCC, microwave, or fiber. ✨ Yet, despite modern alternatives, many utilities still trust pilot wire protection for its simplicity, proven reliability, and speed. 👉 Engineers, what’s your view? Do you think pilot wire schemes will remain in niche use, or should we phase them out completely in favor of modern digital protection? #PowerSystems #ProtectionEngineering #NumericalRelays #PilotWire #Substation #ElectricalEngineering

"Unleashing the power of three-phase systems"- 🔧 Discover the fascinating world of electrical configurations with these diagrams showcasing two primary connection types: the Wye (Y) and Delta (Δ) setups. These illustrations depict the arrangement of coils in a three-phase system, a cornerstone of power distribution. The Wye configuration features a neutral point where all coils converge, while the Delta setup forms a closed triangular loop. Both designs utilize coils connected to terminals labeled R, Y, and B, representing the three phases. ⭐⭐⭐The operation of these systems relies on the principle of alternating current (AC), where each coil generates a voltage that is out of phase by 120 degrees with the others. In the Wye setup, the voltage between any phase and the neutral is the phase voltage, while the line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage. Conversely, in the Delta configuration, the line voltage equals the phase voltage, but the line current is √3 times the phase current. This balance ensures efficient power transfer and stability in electrical networks. 1️⃣ The Wye connection offers a neutral point, enabling single-phase loads and providing a path for fault currents, enhancing safety. 2️⃣ The Delta configuration ensures continuous operation even if one coil fails, making it robust for industrial use. 3️⃣ Coils in both setups are wound to produce magnetic fields that rotate, driving motors and transformers. 4️⃣ The interplay of phases in these designs minimizes power loss and maximizes efficiency. 5️⃣ Proper connection of terminals (R, Y, B) is critical to maintain phase synchronization. 6️⃣ These configurations are foundational in managing high-voltage power distribution. 7️⃣ The diagrams highlight the physical layout, aiding in troubleshooting and maintenance. 8️⃣ Understanding phase relationships is key to optimizing electrical performance. #ElectricalEngineering #ThreePhaseSystems #PowerDistribution #EngineeringDesign #ElectricalInnovation #TechInsights #CircuitDesign #EnergyEfficiency

Webinar: Optimize Power Distribution Unit Design Times And Costs With Modular Technology. Join us: https://lnkd.in/d7YciqyJ The Power Distribution Unit (PDU) is an indispensable piece of hardware that directs/distributes power from a main power bus to a number of branch circuits. In addition, the opportunity is often taken to add control features and circuit protection to the application; typically, in the form of fuses, relays and/or circuit breakers. Traditionally, the PDU was a physical box of plastic or metal, which contained the needed busbars, headers, fuse holders and control features and circuit protection. The process to create this box required multiple iterations to ensure that all these components would fit cost and space efficiently inside. Now, Littelfuse will introduce a twist. This webinar will provide details on a module approach to create a fuse-based PDU in an ad-hoc manner. In other words, a series of fuse blocks and busbars will allow any engineer to customize a new PDU using off-the-shelf components. In addition, since there is no need to design a physical box, the engineer can use internal resources to assemble the PDU, or work with a value-add partner to assemble and populate the PDU. Join this webinar, presented by TTI, Inc. and Littelfuse, where we will walk through the process to identify and select the components to create single, as well as dual, voltage PDUs. The types of fuses that can be used in these PDUs include ZCASE, MEGA/MIDI and many high-voltage devices (10EV, 20EV, 25EV1K, 30EV1K, etc.) to address bus voltages from 12VDC/24VDC to 1,000VDC.

🔍 Struggling to measure ripple and noise on your DC power rails? Power integrity is more critical than ever as modern designs push supply voltages down to 3.3 V, 1.8 V—or even as low as 1.1 V. With tighter tolerances and higher demands on stability, engineers face the challenge of accurately capturing small AC signals riding on large DC rails. We’ve put together 5 practical application tips to help you improve ripple and noise measurements and ensure cleaner, more reliable power distribution. 👉 Read the full blog here - 5 Application Tips for Measuring Ripple and Noise: https://hubs.li/Q03DhG6h0 💡 Which method do you find most useful when measuring power rail noise—oscilloscope selection, probe setup, or input path optimization? Share your thoughts in the comments! #PowerIntegrity #RippleAndNoise #Oscilloscope #Keysight #ElectronicsTesting #MeasurementSolutions #CControls

"Proximity Sensor Wiring and Connection Diagram Unveiled"- ⭐⭐⭐Discover the essentials of proximity sensor wiring and operation with this insightful diagram. These sensors are key components in automation systems, ensuring precise detection and control. Dive into the details below!- 1️⃣ Understanding 3-Wire PNP Type- ✅ This configuration uses three wires: brown (positive), black (output), and blue (ground). ✅ The PNP type connects the load to the positive supply, activating when the sensor detects an object. ✅ Ideal for systems requiring a high-side switch for reliable operation. 2️⃣ Exploring 3-Wire NPN Type- ✅ Features three wires: brown (positive), black (output), and blue (ground). ✅ The NPN type connects the load to the ground, activating with object detection. ✅ Suited for low-side switching applications with efficient current flow. 3️⃣ Decoding 2-Wire Type- ✅ Utilizes two wires: brown and blue, acting as both power and signal lines. ✅ The sensor connects in series with the load and power supply, simplifying wiring. ✅ Polarity is less critical for AC types, offering flexibility in setup. 4️⃣ Operation Basics- ✅ Proximity sensors detect objects without physical contact using electromagnetic fields. ✅ Upon detection, the sensor’s output switches, controlling the connected load. ✅ Low-power loads can be directly connected, while high-power devices need relays. 5️⃣ Key Considerations- ✅ Ensure correct wiring to avoid malfunction or damage. ✅ Match sensor type (PNP/NPN) to the control system’s requirements. ✅ Verify power supply compatibility for optimal performance. ⭐⭐⭐Mastering these wiring diagrams enhances system reliability and efficiency. Share your thoughts or questions below! #ProximitySensor #AutomationTechnology #ElectricalEngineering #SensorWiring #IndustrialAutomation #TechInsights #EngineeringDiagrams #ControlSystems #TechTutorial #InnovationInTech