How voltage drop affects power delivery and how Powertron solves it

The Transformer Wiring Guide provides clear instructions on how to properly connect transformer windings for different voltage inputs. For a 120V primary, both primary windings are connected in parallel: Pin 1 to Pin 2, and Pin 5 to Pin 6. For a 240V primary, the windings are connected in series: Pin 2 connects to Pin 5, with Pin 1 as the input voltage and Pin 6 as common. On the secondary side, the transformer offers multiple outputs such as 200V (Pin 12 and Pin 11) and 8V (Pin 8 and Pin 7), with commons indicated for safe reference. This guide ensures correct wiring for safe, efficient, and functional transformer operation. ⚡🔌

𝐀 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐆𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐏𝐃𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐄𝐂-𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 1. In this webinar Overview of IEC-defined power supply systems (TN, TT, IT systems) 2. Placement of SPDs in different system configurations 3. Real-world installation scenarios for residential, commercial, and industrial setups 4. Avoiding common installation mistakes (e.g., long leads, poor bonding) 5. Best practices for SPD placement (e.g., close to service entrance, sub distribution boards) 6. Importance of short connection lengths and proper earthing 7. Tips for selecting the right SPD from a catalogue 8. How to interpret key specifications and ratings 9. Key performance parameters: Uc (maximum continuous operating voltage), Imax (maximum discharge current), Up (voltage protection level)

𝟒𝐤𝐖 𝐝𝐬𝐏𝐈𝐂𝟑𝟑𝐂 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞-𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥-𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐂-𝐃𝐂 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 A full-bridge (FB) DC-DC converter is an isolated DC-DC power converter that uses an H-bridge topology to step down or step up DC voltages, providing galvanic isolation between input and output stages via a transformer. Key components include four power electronic switches, a high-frequency transformer, a rectification circuit (often with diodes or synchronous rectifiers), and output filter components like an inductor and capacitor. The converter operates by alternating current through the transformer's primary winding using switches, with control achieved by adjusting phase shifts between the pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to the switches, enabling high efficiency and soft switching techniques. A Full-Bridge DC-DC converter works by using four primary-side switches to create an alternating current (AC) across a transformer, which then steps down or up the voltage to the desired level. On the secondary side, synchronous rectification or diodes convert the AC back to DC, which is then smoothed by an inductor and capacitor filter to provide a stable, regulated output voltage. By switching diagonal pairs of primary-side MOSFETs (Q1 & Q4, then Q2 & Q3), the direction of current and voltage polarity across the transformer reverses in each half-cycle, effectively "resetting" the transformer and allowing it to handle high power levels.

this is the description of sunsimmulater parameters Pmax (Maximum Power): -591.45 W The peak power output under test conditions. Your module is performing slightly above its nominal rating (good quality). Isc (Short Circuit Current):-14.60 A Maximum current when output terminals are shorted (V = 0). Important for fuse/wire sizing. Voc (Open Circuit Voltage):-50.93 V Maximum voltage when circuit is open (1 = 0). Important for checking inverter max DC input. Ipm (Current at Maximum Power, Imp):-13.63 A Current at the maximum power point (Pmax). Used in inverter MPPT design. Vpm (Voltage at Maximum Power, Vmp):-43.38 V Voltage at the maximum power point. Also important for string sizing and MPPT compatibility. FF (Fill Factor):-79.51% Quality indicator of the solar cell/module. Good panels usually have 75-82%. Yours is very good. Rs (Series Resistance):-0.434 Ω Internal resistance in the cell/interconnections. Lower is better. This value is within a healthy range. Rsh (Shunt Resistance):-2902 Ω Leakage resistance across the cell. Higher is better. Your module has excellent Rsh low leakage.

The image shows a table with three columns titled "Volts (V)", "Amps (A)" and "Watts (W)". In the table, all voltage values are 220 V, while the current (Amperios) varies from 1 A to 9 A. The power (Vatios) is calculated using the basic electrical formula: \text{Power} (W) = \text{Voltage} (V) \times \text{Current} (A) Following this formula, power values increase in proportion with current. For example: 220 V × 1 A = 220 W 220 V × 2 A = 440 W 220 V × 3 A = 660 W And so on until it reaches 220 V × 9 A = 1980 W. This table is useful to understand the relationship between voltage, current and power in a 220V electrical circuit.

Relay vs magnetic contactor: similar purpose, different power! In electrical systems, both relays and magnetic contactors are used to switch, But do you know when to use which? 🔹 Relay: ✔ Low current switching (typically <10 A) ✔ Ideal for control signals and logical switch ✔ Compact, fast and widely used in automation panels 🔸 Contactor: ✔ Designed for high current switching (up to hundreds of amperes) ✔ Designed for engines, compressors and heavy loads ✔ Includes arch removal and auxiliary contacts for feedback --- 🧠 Think about it like this: Relay = Messenger (Younger Brother) Contacter = Hard Work (Big brother) When controlling a light or a signal? Use a relay. Do you start a three phase motor or a heater? Do you need a contacter. 💡 Right component, right context = safe and efficient systems! AMVM #IngenieríaEléctrica #controlelectrico

⚡ Dead time — the microsecond delay between switching IGBTs — is one of the least-discussed parameters in VFD programming, yet it silently steals efficiency and shortens motor life if misconfigured. Here’s why every engineer should care: 🔹 1. What Dead Time Does It prevents short circuits between the high- and low-side IGBTs. Typical range: 2–5 μs. > Too high, and you introduce harmonic distortion; too low, and you risk device failure. 🔹 2. The Hidden Voltage Drop Each μs of dead time reduces your fundamental voltage. > A 3 μs setting at 5 kHz switching frequency can cut your motor’s effective voltage by 2–3%, impacting torque. 🔹 3. THD & Motor Heating Dead time distortion creates low-order harmonics, which: Increase I²R losses in stator windings Accelerate bearing and insulation wear 🔹 4. Why Default Settings Fail Factory defaults are conservative. For long cable runs or high-speed drives, tuning dead time is essential. 🔹 5. Practical Optimization Use an oscilloscope + differential probe to: Measure phase-to-phase voltage Minimize dead time while keeping IGBT switching safe Balance switching frequency vs. losses 📌 Key Takeaway: Fine-tuning dead time is an easy win for energy savings, quieter operation, and extended motor life. Treat it as part of your commissioning checklist, not a hidden parameter. #VFD #MotorDrives #PowerElectronics #IGBT #IndustrialAutomation #PanelDesign #ElectricalEngineering #EnergyEfficiency

Understanding Harmonics in Power Systems :- Harmonics are one of the most common — yet often overlooked — power quality issues in electrical systems. They are voltage or current waveforms that deviate from the fundamental 50/60 Hz frequency, creating distortion and inefficiencies.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 PTC and NTC thermistors are used as inrush current limiters in electrical circuits to protect components from damage caused by high initial currents when power is applied. NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistors reduce their resistance as temperature increases, while PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) thermistors increase their resistance with rising temperature. During power on, a high inrush current can occur because the power supply’s link capacitor functions to dampen ripples in the output current. This capacitor acts like a short, causing an inrush of current. The inrush lasts until the capacitor is charged. Length of the inrush current depends upon the power supply and link capacitor. The low internal resistance of the power supply aggravates this issue. Any resistance in the power supply introduces inefficiencies through heat. To minimize resistance, engineers typically use an inductive load. While this improves the overall operating efficiency of the power supply, the lack of resistance enables the inrush current to pass through to the main system when the power supply switches on. Temporarily introducing a high resistance between the power supply and system at power on limits inrush current. The resistance switches out when the initial current surge at power on reaches completion.