How to convert AC to DC with a 2A transformer and measure it.

DC Voltage Drop: Calculating the voltage drop in DC wiring is critical. Excessive voltage drop leads to significant power losses, reducing system efficiency. A typical target is to keep the voltage drop under 2% of the array voltage. Voltage Drop(%)

𝟒𝐤𝐖 𝐝𝐬𝐏𝐈𝐂𝟑𝟑𝐂 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞-𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥-𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐂-𝐃𝐂 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 A full-bridge (FB) DC-DC converter is an isolated DC-DC power converter that uses an H-bridge topology to step down or step up DC voltages, providing galvanic isolation between input and output stages via a transformer. Key components include four power electronic switches, a high-frequency transformer, a rectification circuit (often with diodes or synchronous rectifiers), and output filter components like an inductor and capacitor. The converter operates by alternating current through the transformer's primary winding using switches, with control achieved by adjusting phase shifts between the pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to the switches, enabling high efficiency and soft switching techniques. A Full-Bridge DC-DC converter works by using four primary-side switches to create an alternating current (AC) across a transformer, which then steps down or up the voltage to the desired level. On the secondary side, synchronous rectification or diodes convert the AC back to DC, which is then smoothed by an inductor and capacitor filter to provide a stable, regulated output voltage. By switching diagonal pairs of primary-side MOSFETs (Q1 & Q4, then Q2 & Q3), the direction of current and voltage polarity across the transformer reverses in each half-cycle, effectively "resetting" the transformer and allowing it to handle high power levels.

Step-Down Transformer AC 220V/110V to AC 12V-0V-12V Explanation: This is a step-down transformer. The input side can accept either AC 220V (red & black wires) or AC 110V (yellow & black wires). The output side provides AC 12V-0V-12V, meaning it has a center-tap configuration. This allows you to get either 12V AC, -12V AC, or a combined 24V AC depending on how the connections are made. It is commonly used in power supplies for electronic circuits.

What Are Harmonics, What Causes Them, and Their Effects Harmonics are unwanted frequency components that are integer multiples of the main power frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) i.e., 150 Hz (3rd harmonic), 250 Hz (5th), etc. What causes harmonics? They are produced by non-linear loads i.e. devices that distort current draw from the grid. Common sources include: Switching power supplies (e.g., computer chargers), Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), LED or fluorescent lighting, Inverters, rectifiers, arc furnaces, UPS systems, etc. What are their effects on the grid? Overheating: transformers, motors, and cables run hotter and less efficient. Equipment malfunctions: sensitive electronics may misoperate. Increased losses & inefficiency: distorted wave forms waste energy. Neutral conductor problems: especially with triplen harmonics crowding neutral currents. 🎋 🌴 #Powerquality #Harmonics #IEEESTD519

🔄 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Explained One of the most essential circuits in power electronics is the bridge rectifier. It converts AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current). ⚡ How it Works: Four diodes are arranged in a bridge configuration. During the positive half-cycle of AC, two diodes conduct and allow current flow. During the negative half-cycle, the other two diodes conduct, but the current still flows in the same direction at the output. The result → pulsating DC voltage. 🛠️ Applications: Power supplies for electronic devices Battery charging circuits DC motor drives 💡 Tip: Add a capacitor across the output to smooth the waveform and reduce ripple.

--- 🔹 Left Side (Passes AC) Circuit shown: An AC source connected through a capacitor, then to a load (bulb). What happens: For AC, the voltage is always changing with time (sinusoidal, +ve → -ve → +ve). A capacitor allows current whenever voltage changes, because it charges and discharges continuously. The opposition to AC is called capacitive reactance (Xc). X_c = \frac{1}{2 \pi f C} ✔ Correct explanation in diagram: "Capacitor’s impedance decreases with increasing frequency." --- 🔹 Right Side (Blocks DC) Circuit shown: A DC source connected through a capacitor, then to a load (bulb). What happens: DC is a constant voltage (no change with time). Capacitor initially charges up to the DC supply voltage, but after fully charged, no more current flows. For DC (f = 0 Hz): X_c = \frac{1}{2 \pi f C} \to \infty ✔ Correct explanation in diagram: "For DC (f=0), Xc is infinite, capacitor acts as an open circuit." --- 🔹 Short Answer (Blue Box) "Capacitors respond to changes in voltage (like AC), but once charged, they prevent continuous flow of constant voltage (DC)."

This diagram shows an inverter circuit from 12V DC to 220V AC. The power supply (B1) provides 12V of continuous current (DC). The CD4047 (U1) integrated circuit functions as a stable oscillator, generating alternating signals that control the MOSFET IRFZ44E transistors (Q1 and Q2). Resistances (R1 and R2) and the capacitor (C1) form part of the timing circuit to define the oscillation frequency. MOSFET switches current to the transformer (TR1), which raises the voltage from 12V DC to approximately 220V AC. On the right side, you can see the voltimeter that measures the AC output.

Fast Recovery Diodes Explained Fast recovery diodes are used in many areas of electronics that require high reverse voltages while also needing very fast switching - these diodes use a form of PN diode structure modified to give te fast switching needed. Fast recovery diodes may not be mentioned as much as many other forms of diode, but they are extensively used where high speed switching is required. Not only do these diodes provide a high speed switching, but they can also provide the same level of reverse voltage capability of standard PN junction diodes. The combination of fast switching and reverse voltage capability opens them up to use in many power applications. Discover the essentials: https://lnkd.in/eqCcWGgs #diode #semiconductor #fastrecoverydiode #semiconductor #electroniccomponents

Why does a diode allow current in one direction but block it in the other? The answer lies in its I-V characteristics! 📉⚡ 🔁 Understanding the Current-Voltage (I-V) curve of a diode is crucial for designing rectifiers, regulators, and switching circuits. Let’s break it down! 📌 Key Regions of the I-V Curve ✅ Forward Bias Region (+V, +I) ⤷ Small current flows until threshold voltage (Vₜ) is reached ⤷ Silicon diode: ~0.7V | Germanium diode: ~0.3V | LEDs: ~1.8V - 3.5V ⤷ After Vₜ, current rises exponentially ✅ Reverse Bias Region (-V, ~0I) ⤷ Minimal leakage current flows (almost no conduction) ⤷ Acts as an open circuit ✅ Breakdown Region (-V, High -I) ⤷ If reverse voltage exceeds limit, breakdown occurs ⤷ Zener diodes are designed to operate in this region for voltage regulation 📊 Where Are These Curves Used? ⤷ Rectifier Circuits → Convert AC to DC ⤷ Voltage Regulators → Maintain steady voltage (Zener diodes) ⤷ LED Circuits → Light emission for indicators & displays ⤷ High-Speed Switching → Schottky diodes for fast response

75 Ohm and high impedance dominate the power transmission for a decades but in the end engineering and since ultimately prevailed it’s not about loss it’s about max power handling capabilities especially in ultra low power systems like high speed traces in pcbs even within differential pairs the 50 Ohm single impedance dominates Every small and single detail has a historical and worthy reasons too know