Buruli Ulcers; Stop the Spread! Before It Scars

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by a bacterial agent known as Mycobacterium ulcerans. This bacterium is commonly found in aquatic or stagnant, contaminated areas, including mud, floodplains, rivers, ponds, and lakes. M. ulcerans produces a toxin called mycolactone, which causes necrosis (death) of the affected tissue.

The clinical signs of BU include painless nodules, plaques, edema (swelling), skin ulcers, and osteomyelitis (infection of the bone). Without early detection and proper treatment, BU can leave its victims with permanent disabilities.

Although BU has been reported in other regions—including South America, Asia, and the Western Pacific—it is most widespread in Africa. African countries report the highest incidence rates and are the most affected globally.

Diagnosis of BU typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, microbial culture, and histological analysis of the affected tissues.

Transmission occurs through skin penetration by the causative agent (Mycobacterium ulcerans) or possibly through insect vectors. Populations at risk include those without access to clean water and people living in poor, tropical regions.

As there is currently no vaccine for BU, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential. Treatment options include surgical excision of the infected area or the use of antibiotics.

Preventive Measures

1. Avoid contact with stagnant or contaminated water sources.

2. Wear protective clothing when working or walking in swampy, muddy, or flood-prone areas.

3. Maintain good personal hygiene and wound care practices—clean and cover any skin cuts or abrasions promptly.

4. Improve access to clean water and sanitation facilities in at-risk communities.

5. Educate communities about the disease, its transmission, and the importance of early treatment.

6. Report suspicious skin lesions early for medical evaluation to prevent complications.

References

• Global and local environmental changes as drivers of Buruli ulcer emergence

• Are all Buruli ulcers caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans?

• Buruli ulcer in Africa: Geographical distribution, ecology, risk factors, diagnosis, and indigenous plant treatment options – A comprehensive review