IoT Journey through challenges - 100 Key Turning Points

1.   IoT is all set to redefine the world bringing about a new wave in Application development. IoT technologies are having a profound impact on the overall functioning of businesses, affecting operations, risk management, as well as strategy.

2.   Undoubtedly, right now we are experiencing immense potential in the connected devices & the advanced capabilities they provide. Right from healthcare – Connected Health, manufacturing to logistics – Smart Supply chain, there is no industry that remains untouched by IoT revolution. In addition to the output of competitive advantage, innovations can have a great impact on our bottom line.

3.   The correct approach & proper use of IoT tools & platforms can reduce the overall operating costs, help you increase your business efficiency & it also boost to create additional revenue streams through new markets & products.

4.   Choosing a Robust IoT Platform: IoT platforms connect applications, data, devices, systems & processes providing businesses a robust & scalable framework to accomplish long-term goals. IoT platform is an integrated service bringing all kind physical objects online, capable of supporting millions of devices & easily allows configuring devices for machine-to-machine communication.

5.   Draw a Roadmap: A roadmap section is critical to starting any new tech project, but it is especially true for something as new & uncharted as IoT.

6.   Initiating projects like this with a standalone workshop that aims to define exactly what success looks like & exploring the entire solution space is the best way to limit High risk — and that includes exploring all kind of possible partnerships to help with execution.

7.   Hardware & Software Integration: It is very important to ensure seamless integration between hardware & software to ensure the success of IoT project. Several factors determine the hardware & software such as good design & it is important to understand the intricacies as necessary to bridge the gap.

8.   In-Built Security Features: With the increased connectivity among devices, there are several risks & security is turning out to be the biggest concern. Always Keep security at the crux of the matter right from the word go to maintain focus throughout the implementation. Focus on encryption, authentication, and In-built security features into each IoT device.

9.   Scalable Apps: If you have a goal for long-term growth, it is important to take into account the scalability of IoT Apps. We are already seeing many forms of the IoT technology; still, it is in infancy this will most likely grow exponentially over the next decade.

10. Successful & winning IoT solutions are all about prototyping, iteration, testing & revision.

11. An IoT project depends on driving adoption or resolving problem statements to streamline processes.

12. It is important to address specific use cases to ensure success.

13. Implementation with Innovation: An IoT project always requires a well-defined project scope. We may begin with an IoT project but end up with something completely different.

14. It is important to establish your expected outcomes for the project right from the beginning in order to maintain Clear-view focus throughout the implementation.

15. By now, we should start to do large-scale research on IoT adaptation, according to industry experts, in the very near future (India 2020), IoT technology will be part of nearly every device we use or depend on.

16. However, many Business leaders are still left wondering what the IoT is, & how IoT devices are reshaping and hyper-connecting the world as we know it.

17. Beginning, there was the internet. The internet gave us instant connectivity between two devices on a shared network, thus allowing for the exchange of data. Up until recently, we mostly knew the internet as the way computers & smartphones linked up with one another, giving us applications such as email, texting, and file sharing. Before long, engineers & developers recognized the exponential possibilities of integrating internet connectivity with all manner of devices, ranging from coffee makers to watches, headphones, & even dog bowls. The purpose of such widespread networking connectivity is seeming murky at first, but it's all about using shared data to automate & make more efficient the processes going on all around us. Our phone & watch can link so that, in the absence of your phone, your watch alerts you to new text messages. IoT sensors placed in vineyards can monitor pH levels, managing ideal conditions for the growth of healthy, flavourful grapes. 

18. IoT devices also drastically increase the efficacy & safety of most industries & practices. 

Self-driving cars: IoT sensors communicate with the vehicle's computer system to assess road conditions, nearness of other vehicles, & judge speed. 

19. All of this hyper-connectivity sounds good, but what happens when a bad actor gains access to devices? Just like computers, routers, & other shared-network based devices, IoT-objects are vulnerable to hacks & viruses.

20. According to the CIS Security Institute's report on IoT risk management, the vast majority of attacks are prevented using a standard set of critical security controls for IoT devices & networks.

Some of these include:

Maintaining an inventory of authorized & unauthorized devices & Software, Continuous vulnerability assessment & remediation

Malware Defenses

Secure configurations for all kind of network devices (firewalls, routers, switches)

Standard IT systems also use these controls, but the scale of IoT systems are more complex & subject to a wider variety of attack vectors. 

21. smart cities are being built all around the world with a heavy reliance on IoT technologies.

Improved societies these cities promise is alluring, & with the right vigilance & security controls, they will be safe, too.

22. Cellular networks are the backbone for much of what we know & love, allowing us to access the internet, send snaps, & connect with friends. In addition to the personal & business benefits we are all familiar with, cellular networks also serve an important role in many Internet of Things applications.

23. When we exploring other connectivity technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, & LPWANs. The reason we enjoying so many options for connectivity is that IoT applications can differ drastically, meaning varying requirements.

24. Connectivity technologies are improving, but there will always be a trade-off between power consumption, Range, & Bandwidth.

25. Cellular connectivity should focus on range & bandwidth at the expense of power consumption, meaning that it can send any data over a long distance but drains the battery rather quickly. This is fine for devices that can be connected to an electricity source or that can be recharged often, but a no-go when it comes to IoT applications that require remote sensors & IoT devices to last months or even years on a battery. However, that is not the full story when it comes to the cellular. 

Right now, 2G, 3G, & 4G is playing, but new cellular technologies like NB-IoT and LTE-M is targeting specifically at IoT applications. In addition, 5G, too, might prove perfect for IoT.

26. Cellular communication: When we make calls, send texts, or access to the Internet through our Smart mobile devices, we are sending signals wirelessly to nearby cell phone towers. These cell phone towers both receive our signals & send signals back down to us. The cell phone towers are parts of base stations, which have multiple wired connections to other base stations & to the internet, Supporting to shorter information across distances greater than the coverage of the individual cell tower.

27. Like every wireless communication technology, cellular networks use electromagnetic waves to send information. Just as your radio has different frequency bands. Wireless communications technologies have specific frequency bands in which they are operating. If every wireless communication attempted to use the same frequency, there will be too much noise & interference for clear communication. As per, the FCC regulates which frequency bands can be used by whom, & cellular carriers each have a specific band that they are allowed to operate within. However, even with their own designated bands, carriers still need to consider interference. If a carrier had two cell phone towers close to each other & operating on the same frequency, their signals would interfere with one another & cause issues for anyone trying to use the network in that specific area. Still, the solution to this problem statement is under large-scale Research.

28. Cellular network: It is a cellular network because all network operators split up areas into "cells". Each cell has a cell phone tower that operates at a different frequency than adjacent cell phone towers. If you use a hexagonal arrangement, for example, this means that you only need seven different frequencies to ensure that the same frequency is not used in adjacent cells. The area of each of these cells depends on the usage density. Everywhere each of these cells might only have a range of a half mile, while these cells in rural areas may have a range of up to 5 miles. As users move between cells, their frequency will automatically change to switch over to new cell towers (called a HANDOFF). There is much & much more that goes on behind this scene to manage large numbers of users, all using the same network simultaneously while on the move.

29. Generations:3G & 4G refer to the 3rd & 4th generations respectively. Each generation is a set of standards and technologies that are defined by a standards body called the ITU Radio-communication Sector (ITU-R). The organization is responsible for managing international radio-frequency spectrum & standards, which helps ensure the effective use of spectrum. Even different technologies are under the same standard. For example, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is 3G technology used primarily in all over Europe, Japan, and China while CDMA2000 system is in use only in North America and South Korea.

30. Starting with 1G systems, which was introduced in the early 1980s, a new generation is introducing about every 10 years since. Each & every generation has brought new frequency bands, higher data rates, & new transmission technologies; which is non-backward compatible.

31. Several carriers have made announcements that they will shut down their 2G networks, this will be to free up radio spectrum for other uses. Any machines using 2G radios will need to have their radios replaced by the next new generation to continue working.

32. Cellular connectivity a good option for IoT: Carriers is researching forward with new cellular technologies like NB-IoT& LTE-M, which is specifically aimed at the Internet of Things. These technologies will provide low cost, low bandwidth, low power connectivity that will enable an excessive amount of new IoT use cases that are currently cost-prohibitive. Surely cellular technologies in the upcoming year as multiple carriers will launch NB-IoT & LTE-M service.

33. 5G: The upcoming & next generation of cellular connectivity promises to be revolutionary, offering speeds of up to 100 Gb/sec (compared to the 1 Gb/sec of current 4G). This massive bandwidth will be an important enabler for many applications of the future including autonomous vehicles, augmented & virtual reality, & more.

34. Perhaps one of the most cheerful transformative effects of 5G will be that it will serve as a substitute for all kind of physical cable. Instead of wasting the time & resource in intensive build-out of cable infrastructure, cities & businesses can make use of 5G to meet their needs.

35. This also enables for new applications to use the cloud, which might have the previous limitation by the amount of data that needed to send, instead of relying on the local processing. In addition to the high bandwidth, 5G also promises the ultra-low latency & a very high degree of reliability, making possible for industrial IoT applications as well.

36. The factories of the future can become dynamic & reconfigurable factories that change with new demands & requirements. The first specifications for 5G are agreed upon back in December of 2017, at present (June 2019) several carriers are rolling out 5G into Smart cities. We will not see full deployments until SEP 2019 at the earliest & the full potential will not unlock right away, but this is an extremely exciting area to watch & work on it.

37. Role of IoT platform play in the overall IoT architecture

IoT spans many areas, but most IoT solutions have four major building blocks in common:

Data collection (via sensors, devices, gateways, APIs, humans, etc.).Some (wireless) 

infrastructure or network to transmit the data from the sensor.An IoT platform where data is collected, analyzed & from where devices often can be managed to some extent.

 An application layer (dashboard, mobile app, API for integration to other systems, services platform, ERP or sales systems, etc.).

38. IoT platform does; Apart from the basic stuff described above, many IoT platforms can also do many other tricks. Examples:

-     Store, normalize & filter data.

-     Represent data sources & objects/humans/places in logical object models.

-     Analyze & build logics between the collected data to automate a process, create an alarm, etc. based on rules that you can define yourself.

-     Present data in dashboards/maps/portals or publish it through (open or industry-specific) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).

-     Perform device management of sensors, devices & gateways.

-     Manage & monitor (SIM) connectivity & data plans.

-     Perform more advanced cognitive tasks, AI & machine learning based on collected data. This is sometimes offered as modules.

-     Offer connectivity plan & subscription management, especially for SIM cards.

-     Offer multi-tenancy support so that you can define who should get access to what kind of data.

-     Billing management.

39. IoT platform landscape complex to understand, 

-     Some platforms can provide a lot of the above-described functionality in a very narrow way, some focus on just a few aspects, 

-     some are only handling network connectivity while other platforms actually are not platforms but Lego boxes with platform pieces that you can use to build something of.

-     Some platforms support industry standard protocols like FIWARE or FHIR.

-     Most platforms are created for vertical reasons (see below).

-     All platforms are mixed up in comparison matrixes for various reasons.

-     Any platform comparison should always come with a clear definition of what is compared.

-     Vertical platform: Unlike the "regular" fixed/mobile Internet, IoT is not standards are driven but application driven.

40. Most platforms are therefore originally created for specific purposes, like optimization of an industrial process, a home burglar system, asset tracking in a hospital or disruption of the taxi industry. We refer to these platforms as "vertical" as they target specific use cases or areas.

41. A vertical platform comes with a well-defined ecosystem of supported devices, sensors & gateways from certain vendors. These platforms are seldom interconnected to other vertical platforms (IoT really means Intranet of Things in most cases). As there are no well-spread open standards for device management, adding more sensors to a vertical platform, later on, may be costly in time & pesos. Vertical platform integration (for IoT or anything else) often gets exponentially complex with the number of involved systems. The reason is that API integration is a per-platform game due to poor standardization. While vertical platforms often solve the tasks they are created for, they also come with scalability issues & lock-in effects. When you go for a vertical solution, always take the northbound APIs into consideration.

42. We should be able to not only receive data from a vertical solution but ideally, also have device management control. A simple example is a street light system where we want to be able to not only read out data from the lights but also be able to dim them & turn them on & off. If the municipality or a large corporation, specifying the APIs here as part of a procurement process is key to be able to grow with solutions over time. It is actually more important than the platform selection.

43. Horizontal platforms: The main task for a horizontal platform is to aggregate & cross-connect verticals & by that also allow for data to be shared between systems in a scalable way. As each vertical only has one integration with the horizontal layer, this results in linear complexity when verticals are added, & suddenly it is possible to scale. New services can seamlessly be added & immediately reach entire populations. Horizontal platforms are today often used to aggregate vertical platforms within Smart Cities, Smart Buildings, & Healthcare, etc.

44. The purpose is not only for the application layer to get access to data in an easier & for more scalable way, but it also allows logics to be built between verticals without the operator having to do stuff in many systems.

Horizontal platforms are often built with the Lego bricks provided by Microsoft, AWS or Google & can therefore also natively provide dashboards, cognitive functionality, machine learning & much more over time.

45. A properly built horizontal platform is the foundation for a scalable platform economy that can enable enormous values for a city, a hospital, a population or an entire nation.

46. A good example is the Estonian X-Road system which is the e-health backbone.

47. Choosing a platform; As the bullets above hopefully have described, various platforms solve different tasks & are created for different purposes. There is not one size fits all, & it is not possible to tell which vertical platform that is most suitable for a specific application or task without knowing what that application looks like.

48. A lot of people whom today are spending time on IoT should probably instead focus on the foundation of data collection & define what APIs should look like.

49. If patient data ends up in 20 different healthcare systems that you cannot access, we will never be able to use that data in an efficient & innovative way regardless of platform choice.

And that sums up where you should always start with IoT.

50. Before picking a platform, a radio standard or a sensor you need to understand the use cases, business cases, problems to be solved, opportunities, humans, needs, business impact analysis & much more.

51. Too often things are done the other way around.

52. Throughout the recent past few years, companies across all kind industries embarked on their IoT journeys with high hopes, focusing on improving & automating existing processes – tackling 'low-hanging fruits'.

53. Now that, all kind of these companies have gained process, productivity & cost benefits, it is time to move to the next phase: leveraging IoT to create new value propositions, business models & revenue streams.

54. Anyway, the truth is; it is increasingly difficult for businesses to experience the full transformational potential of IoT if We implement it on top of infrastructure-designed years ago for specific tasks. In fact, plenty of businesses decision-makers cite legacy infrastructures as a key reason they are not reaching their full digital transformation potential.

55. As the technological foundation for IoT deployment

– comprising smart devices, sensors & actuators;

Wired or wireless networks; 

Software, middleware for data management and more –

Infrastructure should focus on the full advantage of modern technological advances to enter & win the 21st century.

56. Traditionally, most developing organizations have implemented IoT within the brownfield environments, encompassing specialized systems, often operating in isolation, based on decades-old protocols.

57. These elements often lack the flexibility, speed, bandwidth, security & interoperability required to capitalize on the full capabilities of IoT technologies.

58. Nevertheless, as we finally move to the next, more disruptive phase of IoT, businesses must address their insufficient infrastructures to remain competitive, no matter where they are in their IoT journeys.

“Value in business: modern infrastructure

Completely 'redoing’ company’s infrastructure may sound daunting & costly, but it does not have to be.

In addition, we do not have to overhaul it all at once”

It is easy to take a pragmatic approach & insert elements of a 21st-century architecture into existing workflows. In other words, we can establish the building blocks of the modern, end-goal architecture.

If we are still wary of making these changes, consider the long-term benefits & business value.

59. The new infrastructure will set us up for a faster, more significant ROI because the resulting IoT systems are far less complex, and optimized for the latest technologies & applications.

60. When based on open standards, these 'digital transformation-ready' systems enable interoperability so that businesses can quickly & easily introduce new solutions & capabilities that add leapfrog value now or later down the road, at a lower cost.

61. Moreover, future proofing the infrastructure to take advantage of the 75bn connected devices that are expecting to emerge by 2025, & the myriad use cases they will bring.

62. Further, we will be able to integrate IoT more easily with other rising technologies, such as artificial intelligence/machine learning, fog computing, and blockchain.

63. We can even implement these technologies gradually once we have a design for our overall framework & architecture in place.

64. Now, consider the costs & expected ROI of an IoT implementation in a greenfield versus brownfield environment. 

Revolution in the real world

PepsiCo is the perfect example of success with an infrastructure overhaul.

Instead of applying IoT to a hodgepodge of outdated & inefficient technologies, PepsiCo replaced its existing infrastructure, adopting an 'infrastructure-as-a-service' model.

Working closely with partners Rockwell Automation and Cisco, PepsiCo adopted virtual industrial servers and a standard network infrastructure, coupled with centralized expert support on pre-engineered, scalable server infrastructure.

The solution included all hardware, software & network connectivity preconfigured to support PepsiCo's unique business needs.

As a resulting output, PepsiCo increased the reliability of plant manufacturing systems, while reducing support costs.

65. Further, IoT deployment allows support staff to communicate with all components of the infrastructure through continuous remote monitoring.

This makes technicians act proactively on all kind of issues before they create an impact in production.

The ROI from these revolutionary changes was almost immediate, and PepsiCo reduced troubleshooting time – meaning far less downtime.

66. IoT infrastructure upgrade; 

 As mentioned, our infrastructure overhaul does not have to be an overwhelming endeavor. Here is how we can get started.

Define business transformation:

Too often, businesses get caught up in the hype of IoT & its 'cool' technologies & lose sight of its transformational value.

Before investigating a new infrastructure or exploring IoT technologies and connections, define our use case & our desired end state.

What business problem do we want to solve with IoT? In addition, what ROI are we hoping to achieve?

Analyze our current infrastructure & design of our new one

Identify what is outdated & what is state-of-the-art.

What internet protocol (IP) are we using?

How 'intuitive' is our network, or is our entire IP infrastructure (including switches, wireless access points and routers) securely connected on a unified platform?

From there, we can design our overall, end-goal architecture, comprising flexible frameworks and leading technologies (IoT, AI, fog computing and blockchain).

67. Make a decision:

Next, decide whether we opt for a one-time revolutionary overhaul or take an incremental approach. Alternatively, maybe it makes sense at this point to simply retrofit our existing system with IoT, & that is OK, too.

Here, keep in mind the ROI & ensure our decision aligns with our business' long-term goals.

However, we should not make that decision alone.

Leverage our ecosystem's expertise

68. IoT is a team sport.

No single company can 'Play' IoT by itself – it is too costly, time-consuming & complex, resulting in limited payback or even failure.

As we determine the right approach for preparing our infrastructure for digital transformation, seek out the advice of our partner ecosystem. That includes horizontal and vertical providers, along with hyper-local regional experts; to ensure our IoT project (and results) meets our specific business need.

69. Incremental improvements to existing processes or operations will not be enough to keep companies competitive.

Whether we are starting our first IoT project or one-hundredth, take time now to assess our existing infrastructure. It may very well be holding us back. By bringing our infrastructure into the 21st century, we will be ready to take full advantage of the transformational power of IoT

70. 2018 was an extremely beautiful year for IoT.

Important four Highlights:

While 2G/3G sunset is yet to happen but a dozen MNOs already have put forward their shutdown plan 

(hence investment on a large-scale project based on 2G might be considered not logical).

The LTE>Cat-4 product has become an official choice for a wide range of applications due to its affordability and accessibility.

C-V2X proven to be one of profitable area for investors. 

(I strongly believe that by 2030 an autonomous/AI driver can win formula-1)

The next big leap is not Artificial Intelligence but building it into tiny devices. 

(I am planning to write another LinkedIn article specifically discussing the future of AI & its impact on IoT)

71. Year 2019 & 2020 will be even more exciting as 5G is on horizon, which promises a radical transformation of IoT (Internet of Things) and in larger scale ICT (Information and Communication Technology).

72. 2019-2020: IoT Second Generation (AI+Blockchain+5G)

M2M & Internet of Thing (IoT) is transforming

How we work,

Do business and

Even changing our habits & lifestyle.

73. IoT & M2M become mainstream of almost all changes related to IT/ICT.

74. The first generation of IoT is not capable enough to address plenty of resource-intensive applications. Therefore, IoT - Second generation begins and achieving more

IoT - First generation:

Honestly, there is not an internationally recognized definition for IoT,

75. However, what is been accepted as official definition covers below:

A low budget small device, with no or very low processing power, gathers raw data from sensors. Low power consumption (even with 10 years battery life) is an essential factor of IoT - First generation

The device sends raw data through a very narrowband communication pipe (like LPWA) to a server.

Dashboard (WEB/Smart device App) shows analyzed data to ease utilizing of it by consumers/customers.

<<Can anyone if you still reading my article, here answer me (below in the comment box)>>

"What about if the application asks for very high computational power, high security with almost no possibility of being compromised?"

76. One very real-time case of such combination, the V2X (Vehicle to Everything), something that we also call it autonomous driving. Can we categorize the V2X under IoT (Internet of Things)? (Please share your view on this).

Right now, I jumping to the topic about two other disruptive technologies being emerged on the horizon. Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Blockchain (BC).

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not a new technology, as the term been introduced in 1956,

77. However, AI mostly turns commercialized in recent years easily because AI requires

Complex software algorithms &

Very high computational power. (Both had been extremely expensive.)

78. Artificial Intelligence (AI) 2019 – 2020:

Intelligence will be moving more and more to the end devices while cost remains affordably low.

79. Device intelligence will ready as built-in software/firmware of AI modules cover deep machine learning, audio, and video intelligence and many other AI features.

80. Module manufacturers as standard tools will offer,

API & SDK documentation with sample code &

With of integration into customer applications

81. Blockchain (BC):

The blockchain is in its infant stage since its aged less than a few years.

Blockchain theory invented only in 2009.

According to most of the common people's google knowledge driving force behind the Blockchain is Bitcoin, and it gets popularity probably faster in lightning speed than any other technology in IT/ICT history.

Truth is Blockchain introduced a new way that can fundamentally change how we store and validate the most important data.

82. There are two main pillars in Blockchain

Peer to peer communication and

Distributed database.

83. A popular commercialized Blockchain product for the enterprise is "IBM Hyperledger"; an open source Blockchain platform for business.

84. As per IBM, Internet of Things allows devices to send data to private blockchain ledgers for inclusion in shared transactions with TAMPER-RESISTANT records.

85. The distributed replication of IBM Blockchain enables devices to access & supply IoT data without the need for central control & management.

86. All devices in IoT private network can

Verify each transaction,

Prevent disputes, and

Ensure each device held accountable for their individual unique roles in the overall transaction.

87. Blockchain (BC) 2019 – 2020:

Main highlighting objectives of IBM Blockchain-IoT is to omit the need of a centralized control & most importantly to build in security into IoT network & make it extremely tamper-proof.

88. 5G:

2G, 3G and then 4G is been launched in almost 10 years' time interval.

5G is around & knocking the door promising to offer:

10 to 100x faster than 4G/LTE (10Gpbs)

Low latency (millisecond)

Ubiquity coverage.

Vast indoor and outdoor coverage

Supporting up to 500Km/h object (high-speed trains).

Supporting massive devices per square Km.

89. Key drivers of 5G:

Pervasive diffusion of ultra-broadband (fixed & mobile) increase of performance of HW at lowering costs

The growing availability of Open Source Software

More & most powerful terminals & smart things

Actionable Big Data and AI advances

considered as "services"

90. Network functions become flexible

New & updated components can be instantiated on demand (e.g. dedicated network dynamic setup)

Components may change location or size (e.g. deployment at edge nodes, resource reallocation)

Communicating paths may change (e.g., service aware networking, chained user plane functions)

91. 3GPP LPWN (NB-IoT and Cat.M1) are the main pillars of IoT-1 communication infrastructure.

While 5G will play an essential role in materializing technical requirements of IoT – Second Generation

92.  IoT – Second Generation:

AI & Blockchain will be creating enormous opportunities for IoT industry.

93. In order to deploy AI & Blockchain in tiny devices, we need to overcome plenty of difficulties constraints in today's IoT industry: lack of sufficient memory &computational power.

94. Energy consumption is one of the key issues, although for some verticals connecting to main power or similar long-standing energy source could be practically possible.

95. 5G is a complementary component of the future IIoT industry.

96. At present, what we know as IoT today (or IoT first generation defined in this “IoT India2020 -100 Turning points”) might never enjoy AI & Blockchain technologies.

97. It never is coincident if those three technologies (AI, Blockchain, and 5G) is somehow merged to give birth to much powerful revolutionized products & services, called IoT – Second Generation.

IoT-Second Generation should comprise:

A capable & full packed device, with strong & powerful computational processing power including Neural Processing Engine, in order to satisfy AI & Blockchain processing needs

This device will be truly "Intelligent".

Peer-to-peer broadband communication network to send a large amount of data with extremely low latency between devices at Private IoT-Blockchain networks.

This requirement might be only possible by 5G.

A sustained powering source to provide sufficient energy to handle AI and Blockchain.

98. In IoT-Second Generation, there is a need to introduce/redefine Blockchain:

Private Blockchain, means limited devices to be part of a "Team" with the objective of collaboratively accomplish a goal of the mission

Dynamic Blockchain means devices in an IoT-Blockchain can increase & decrease dynamically as the device should be able to log in & log out into/from IoT-Blockchain.

This will force to have "Referee" nodes/devices, which instruct & allow login/logout process.

Rotating Miner, in traditional Blockchain Miners, are static with huge computational power.

99. Their strongest area is "Proof of Work".

Peer to Peer communication can be performed only with 5G.

Although WiFi & other add-hock and even wired communication networks will be also deployed 5G will be a great dominated technology due to its

pervasive deployment,

ubiquity coverage

As well as excellent low latency.

As mentioned V2X already can also consider as a real application of IoT – Second Generation. 

100. Collaborative Drones Squadron or UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) is another growing sector in which hundreds of drones collaboratively team up to accomplish next-Gen missions.

Another use case of IoT- Second Generation is Top-end Smart Home solution where devices can create a clustered Blockchain and share a database among each other.

This can almost prevent all kind of security threat as bullet proved in data security.

The limited number of nodes also is another highlighting advantage since increasing numbers of nodes will complicate mining in Blockchain.

Many IoT-Second generation solutions will only be practically & cost effectively applicable in limited device nodes quantity.

Certainly, there will be more IoT-Second generation verticals (which even they are not in a developing stage yet) in the coming years.

IoT, as we know today and called IoT-First generation in this LinkedIn article “IoT Journey through challenges -   100 Key Turning Points”, will still be dominating technology for many years to come, however, IoT-Second Generation, as emerging technology/solution, would also have its market share.

Since IoT-Second generation will be targeting the high-end market sector, thus it's turnover & profit margin per device will be much higher than IoT-First Generation, which will soon be commoditized product/service with extremely low margin.

“I strongly believe that IoT-Second Generation will secure 25% of the total IoT market share within the next 10 years and it will also uplift all kind of Micro Small Medium Enterprises.

This is Golden Time for All Youngsters & Youth to create a revolutionary change by undergoing Large-scale research on IoT for all kind of Micro Small Medium Enterprises.”