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religious images the duomo of florence mosaics koran christian cross greek cross constantine the hagia sophia the pantheon sinan bramante michelangelo istanbul rome süleymaniye mosque st. peter’s basilica colonialism self portraits batoni italy rousseau anthropology grand tour linneaus birth of ethnography racism new territories colonies empire shaftesbury and addison superiority empiricism and rationalism social status eighteenth century taste aesthetics the church encyclopedie diderot king louis xiv voltaire galileo d’alembert king louis xv pompadour king charles ii john locke duchess of maine frederick the great catherine the great enlightenment patrons nobility monarchs