- A more serious issue is if the RoS dataset that we use, rather than our own additional data cleaning, is biased towards identifying scientific references more easily in recent patents, which is plausible. We address this in two ways. First of all, while reading patents manually for our own data cleaning described above, we pay specific attention to “false negativesâ€, that is, references that are in the patents but not in the RoS data. While we did find some instance of this, they were rare. Second, we used a more rigorous approach and decided to read all early patents of a specific technology in a given year. We chose Wind in 1875.
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- At this point, it is important to note that 1976 marks a important change in the quality of the data. Before this date, most citations to science are found in the body of the text, and the RoS confidence scores are generally low. After this date, most citations to science are found in the reference list, and the RoS confidence scores are high.
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- Compared to the cosine similarity networks of the main text, Fig. 7, the renewables-nuclear separation is even more extreme. At most only tiny fractions of nuclear-based paper citations are also cited by renewables and vice versa9. The largest edge is the one from Solar thermal to Solar PV. Roughly a quarter of all patents cited by Solar thermal has also been cited by Solar PV between 1976 and 2005. The share has even increased to 44% in the most recent 15 years. Conversely, only 3% of PV-cited papers are also cited by Solar thermal patents. But note that the total number of patents and citations of Solar PV is substantially larger than for Solar thermal. 9
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- We looked at all 52 patents, and confirmed that none of them had a citation to a scientific paper. Incidentally, it is striking to compare the 1875 patents with the 20th century ones. Early patents, indeed, do not rely very much on academic knowledge, but instead describe the successful experiments of independent inventors at improving mechanical designs for windmills. In contrast, the 20th century patents do rely on academic knowledge, with clear references to knowledge in aerodynamics, electrical engineering, etc.
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