References contributed by phi84-21127
.. Aikman, D.; P. Alessandri; B. Eklund; P. Gai; S. Kapadia; E. Martin; N. Mora; G. Sterne; and M. Willison, 2009, Funding Liquidity Risk in a Quantitative Model of Systemic Stability, Bank of England Working Paper, No. 372.
- (22)HouseholdExpenditure(NPREXPSA) Yearâ€onâ€yeargrowthrateofhouseholdexpenditure =0.59×yearâ€onâ€yeargrowthrateofcompensationofemployees<0.00> +0.02×yearâ€onâ€yeargrowthrateofstockprice<0.01> +0.14×yearâ€onâ€yeargrowthrateofhouseholdlendingvolume<0.00> –0.24×yearâ€onâ€yearchangeinlendinginterestrate<0.30> +3.81×Consumptiontax(1997)dummy<0.00> Note:Sample=1981Q1through2011Q1;adjustedR2=0.78 When employee compensation rises, so does disposal income, allowing household expenditure to increase. When stock prices rise, the asset effect pushes up household expenditures. When borrowing constraints are eased, the lending volume of households increases, permitting households greater expenditure. When lending interest rates rise, householdexpendituresdecrease,duetohigherinterestratecosts.
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- (Operatingincome+interestand dividends received) / interest expenses×100 (Original data: Ministry of Finance, ʺFinancial Statements Statistics of Corporation by Industry, Quarterlyʺ; Bank of Japan, ʺLoan and Bills DiscountedbySectorʺ) NEXPTSA Exports bil.yen Cabinet Office, ʺQuarterly EstimatesofGDPʺ NGOVEXPSA Government Expenditure bil.yen Cabinet Office, ʺQuarterly EstimatesofGDPʺ NIIVNSA Inventory bil.yen Cabinet Office, ʺQuarterly EstimatesofGDPʺ NIMPTSA Imports bil.yen Cabinet Office, ʺQuarterly EstimatesofGDPʺ PNGDPSA Potential Nominal GDP bil.yen Potential real GDP / GDP deflator×100 (Estimation of potential real GDP is based on Hara et al. (2006)) APPENDIXII.LISTOFEQUATIONS The number in < > is in the estimated result indicates pâ€value. For detail of independentvariablesanddependentvariables,seeAppendixI. (1)LendingVolume(LENDVOR) Lendingvolume=corporatelendingvolume+householdlendingvolume +localgovernmentslendingvolume+overseasyenlendingvolume
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- Act Concerning Temporary Measures to Facilitate Financing for SMEs, etc. (SME Financing Facilitation Act) dummy: In 2009, the SME Financing Facilitation Act deemphasizedtheneedforselfâ€assessments,thusdecreasingcreditcosts. (8)Capital(CPTLOR) Capital=TierIcapital+TierIIcapital+(RegulatoryAdjustment+TierIIIcapital) (9)TierICapital(CPTLT1OR) TierIcapital=shareholder’sequity+otherTierIcapital +min(0,revaluationdifferenceonsecurities)
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- Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2010, An Assessment of the Longterm Economic Impact of Stronger Capital and Liquidity Requirement, Bank for International Settlements.
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- Basel Committee, 2011, The Transmission Channels between the Financial and Real Sectors: A Critical Survey of the Literature, BIS Working Paper, No. 18.
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Bernanke, B.; M. Gertler; and S. Gilchrist, 1999, The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework, in Taylor, J., and Woodford, M. (eds.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, Amsterdam: North Holland.
- Brayton, F., and P. Tinsley, 1996, A Guide to FRB/US: A Macroeconomic Model of the United States, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 1996â€42, Federal Reserve Board.
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Brayton, F.; E. Mauskopf; D. Reifschneider; P. Tinsley; and J. Williams, 1997, The Role of Expectations in the FRB/US Macroeconomic Model, Federal Reserve Bulletin (April), pp. 227â€245, Federal Reserve Board.
Christiano, L.; R. Motto; and M. Rostagno, 2010, Financial Factors in Economic Fluctuations, European Central Bank Working Paper Series, No. 1192.
- Companyâ€specific factors (2003) dummy: In the first half of FY2003, some financial institutionsregisteredhighcreditcosts. Negativeloanâ€lossprovisionsbymajorbanksdummy:InFY2005,alargenegativeloan†lossprovisionformajorbanksdecreasedcreditcosts.
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- Companyâ€specific factors (2006) dummy: In 2006, when certain companies used special fundingschemes,somelendingwascountedtwice.
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- Consumptiontax(onloans,1997)dummy:Alastâ€minuteriseindemandforresidential investments was induced by anticipating a rise in the consumption tax in April 1997, therebyboostinglendingvolume.
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- Discontinuityofstatistics(2006)dummy:In2006Q3,somefinancialinstitutionschanged the category according to which they extended businessâ€related loans, a change that requiredadjustmentfortimeseriesdataistoremainconsistent.
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Dungey, M., and A. Pagan, 2000, A Structural VAR Model of the Australian Economy, Economic Record, Vol. 76, pp. 321â€342.
- Financial Revitalization Program dummy: In October 2002, the FSA’s Financial RevitalizationProgramsetthetimeâ€limitforthedisposalofnonperformingloansbythe nation’smajorbanks.Thisprogrampromotednonperformingloandisposalandresulted inthedecreaseinthelendingvolume. Independentadministrative institutiondummy:In2005,someindependent institutions substitutedfundingfromtheFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgramforthatfromprivate†sectorbodies,therebyincreasingtheirlendingvolume.
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Fueki, T.; I. Fukunaga; H. Ichiue; and T. Shirota, 2010, Measuring Potential Growth with an Estimated DSGE Model of Japan’s Economy, Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, No. 10â€Eâ€13.
Fukunaga, I.; N. Hara; S. Kojima; Y. Ueno; and S. Yoneyama, 2011, Quarterly Japanese Economic Model (Qâ€JEM): 2011 Version, Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, No. 11â€Eâ€11.
Hirakata, N; N. Sudo; and K. Ueda, 2009, Chained Credit Contracts and Financial Accelerators, IMES Discussion Paper Series, No. 09â€Eâ€30.
Hirose, Y., and T. Kurozumi, 2012, Do Investmentâ€Specific Technological Changes Matter for Business Fluctuations? Evidence from Japan, Pacific Economic Review, Vol. 17(2), 208-230.
- Ichiue, T.; T. Kitamura; S. Kojima; T. Shirota; K. Nakamura; and N. Hara, 2009, A Hybridâ€type Model of Japan’s Economy: the Quarterly Japanese Economic Model (Qâ€JEM), Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, No. 09â€J†06 (in Japanese).
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Jeanne, O., and A. Korinek, 2010, Managing Credit Booms and Busts: A Pigouvian Taxation Approach, NBER Working Paper, No. 16377.
Kiyotaki, N., and J. Moore, 1997, Credit Cycles, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 105, pp. 211â€248.
Lucas, R. E., 1976, Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique, Carnegieâ€Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 1, pp. 19â€46.
- Macroeconomic Assessment Group, 2010, Final Report: Assessing the Macroeconomic Impact of the Transition to Stronger Capital and Liquidity Requirement, Bank for International Settlements.
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- Mishkin, F. S., 2008, Monetary Policy Flexibility, Risk Management, and Financial Disruptions, speech at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
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- Offâ€balanceâ€sheet dummy: In April 2002, among its measures to develop a stronger financial system, the Financial Services Agency (FSA) issued guidelines encouraging major banks to take their nonperforming loans off balance sheet, with a result in a reductionoftheirlendingvolume.
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Okina, K.; M. Shirakawa; and S. Shiratsuka, 2001, ʺThe Asset Price Bubble and Monetary Policy: Japanʹs Experience in the Late 1980s and the Lessons,ʺ Monetary and Economic Studies, Vol. 19, No. Sâ€1, pp. 395â€450.
Sims, C., 1992, Interpreting the Macroeconomic Time Series Facts: The Effects of Monetary Policy, European Economic Review, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 975â€1011.
Sugo, T., and K. Ueda, 2008, Estimating a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model for Japan, Journal of Japanese and International Economies, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 476â€502.
- Transitionfromhousingloancompanydummy:Accompaniedbyaresolutionofhousing loan companies in 1995, substitution demand for housing loans from private banks surged,increasingthelendingvolume. GovernmentHousingLoanCorporation’sreducedbusinessdummy:In2001,thecabinet decidedtheReorganizationandRationalizationPlanforSpecialPublicInstitutions.The businessoftheGovernmentHousingLoanCorporationwassubstitutedbyprivatebanks,
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- Uno, Y., and Y. Teranishi, 2011, Quantitative Analysis for Japanese Loan Market, mimeo (in Japanese).
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