- • Gross domestic product per capita, by district: District domestic product was assembled from various state government reports, for the year 2005 (to maximize coverage). Missing for Goa and Gujarat and some union territories, and for some individual districts in the other states. Population data from the 2001 and 2011 Census of India, interpolated to 2005 assuming a constant population growth rate in each district. Whenever district domestic product per capita was unavailable, we used gross state domestic product per capita, as reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.
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- • Language: Data on population by mother tongue in each state, from the 2001 Census of India, as published by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner.
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- • Total cost: Sum of the user cost of capital, the total wage bill, energy, services, and materials inputs. Total cost is set to be missing if and only if the user cost of capital, the wage bill, or total materials are missing. The user cost of capital is constructed using the perpetual inventory method as in the Appendix of Greenstreet (2007), using depreciation rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% for land, buildings, machinery, transportation equipment, and computers & software, respectively. Capital deflators are from the Ministry’s wholesale price index, and the nominal interest rate is the India Bank Lending Rate, from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics (on average about 11%). • Materials expenditure in total cost: (as used in Table I and subsequent tables) Total expenditure on intermediate inputs which are associated with a product code (that excludes services and most energy inputs) divided by total cost (see above).
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- • Upstreamness: Upstreamness as defined by Antràs et al. (2012) of 3-digit industries, calculated by year and averaged across years. Some goods show up mostly as inputs and not as outputs because as outputs they fall outside of the scope of the ASI (chiefly agricultural and mining goods); for these inputs total observed intermediate consumption exceeds total observed production by plants in our sample. We set total production of these goods equal to total intermediate consumption (hence assuming zero sales to final goods consumers).41 The resulting variable looks very similar to those constructed by Antràs et al. (2012) for industrialized countries.
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- • Vertical Integration: See Appendix B. Due to the change in product classification from ASIC to NPCMS after 2010, we construct vertical distance only for the pre-2011 years. • Trust: Fraction of respondents that answer “Most people can be trusted†in the World Value Survey’s trust question: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?†Data from waves 4, 5, and 6 of the World Values Survey, except for Himachal Pradesh, Puducherry, and Uttarakhand, which are only available in wave 6. Data is missing for Goa and the UT’s, except for Delhi and Puducherry.
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Amirapu, Amrit. 2017. “Justice Delayed is Growth Denied: The Effect of Slow Courts on Relationship-Specific Industries in India.†School of Economics, University of Kent.
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Boehm, Johannes. 2016. “The Impact of Contract Enforcement Costs on Outsourcing and Aggregate Productivity.†Buera, Francisco J, and Ezra Oberfield. 2016. “The Global Diffusion of Ideas.†National Bureau of Economic Research.
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Chemin, Matthieu. 2012. “Does court speed shape economic activity? Evidence from a court reform in India.†Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 28(3): 460–485.
- Chennai High Court Puducherry, Tamil Nadu 1862 no Created by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.
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- Chhattisgarh High Court Chhattisgarh 2000 yes Created when Chhattisgarh state was carved out of Mandhya Pradesh in 2000 (Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act) Chhattisgarh was a separate division in the Central Provinces under British rule. Demand for a separate state goes back to 1920.
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- Delhi High Court Delhi 1966 no At the time of independence, Punjab HC had jurisdiction for Delhi. With the State Reorganisation Act 1956, Punjab merged with Pepsu. Given Delhi’s importance as capital, it was decided that they should have their own HC.
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Eaton, Jonathan, Samuel Kortum, and Francis Kramarz. 2015. “Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market.†Fadinger, Harald, Christian Ghiglino, and Mariya Teteryatnikova. 2016. “Income differences and input-output structure.†Fally, Thibault, and Russell Hillberry. 2015. “A Coasian Model of International Production Chains.†National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Gauhati High Court Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland * 1948 yes Created as HC of Assam in 1948, with the Indian constitution; renamed Gauhati HC in 1971 with the North East Areas Reorganization Act. Lost jurisdiction over Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura in 2013 Gujarat High Court Gujarat 1960 yes Created when Gujarat split from Bombay State with the Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960. Gujarat was created following the demand of Gujarati-speaking people for their own state (Mahagujarat movement) .
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Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou, Amit Kumar Khandelwal, Nina Pavcnik, and Petia Topalova. 2010. “Imported intermediate inputs and domestic product growth: Evidence from India.†The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(4): 1727–1767.
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- High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh, Telangana 1956 yes Created when Andhra Pradesh was created as part of the State Reorganization Act 1956 Creation of Andhra Pradesh was triggered by the independence movement of the Telugu-speaking population of Madras Presidency.
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- High Court of Mumbai, Goa Bench Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1982 no Prior to the HC, a Judicial Commissioner ’s court existed in Goa. HC was established to safeguard the judge’s independence (see Bombay HC at Goa website).
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- Himachal Pradesh High Court Himachal Pradesh 1971 yes Created with Himachal Pradesh becoming a state (and therefore should have a separate HC under the Indian constitution) Jammu and Kashmir High Court Jammu and Kashmir 1928 no Created by the Maharaja in 1928. Special status: Laws passed by the Indian parliament generally do not apply to J&K (except foreign policy, communication, defense).
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- Hopenhayn, Hugo A. 2014. “Firms, misallocation, and aggregate productivity: A review.†Annu. Rev. Econ., 6(1): 735–770.
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- Jharkhand High Court Jharkhand 2000 yes Created when Jharkhand state was carved out of Bihar in 2000 (Bihar Reorganisation Act) Jharkhand was richer in natural resources than the rest of Bihar; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha independence movement, and political considerations by ruling parties.
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Jones, Charles I. 2005. “The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change.†The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2): 517–549.
- Jones, Charles I. 2013. “Misallocation, Economic Growth, and Input-Output Economics.†Vol. 2, 419, Cambridge University Press.
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- Kerala High Court Kerala, Lakshadweep 1956 yes Created when Kerala was created as part of the State Reorganization Act 1956 Idea of Kerala was to combine Malayalam-speaking regions.
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- Kolkata High Court Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal 1862 no Created by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.
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Laeven, Luc, and Christopher Woodruff. 2007. “The quality of the legal system, firm ownership, and firm size.†The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(4): 601–614.
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- Madhya Pradesh High Court Madhya Pradesh 1936 no Established as Nagpur High Court by King George V through a Letters Patent on 2 Jan 1936. Moved to its present location at Jabalpur with the State Reorganization Act 1956.
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- Mumbai High Court Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli,Daman and Diu, Maharashtra 1862 no Created by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.
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- Name Jurisdiction over States/UT’s Year founded Created with State Notes on High Court creation Reasons for State creation Karnataka High Court Karnataka 1884 no Founded by the British as the Chief Court of Mysore in 1884.
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- Odisha High Court Odisha/Orissa 1948 no Orissa was split off from Bihar in 1936, but did not get its own high court until the drafting of the Indian constitution (1948).
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Osotimehin, Sophie, and Latchezar Popov. 2017. “Misallocation and Intersectoral Linkages.†Mimeo.
- Patna High Court Bihar 1916 yes Created when Bihar and Orissa were split off from Bengal Presidency.
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Pavcnik, Nina. 2002. “Trade liberalization, exit, and productivity improvements: Evidence from Chilean plants.†The Review of Economic Studies, 69(1): 245–276.
Ponticelli, Jacopo, and Leonardo S. Alencar. 2016. “Court Enforcement, Bank Loans, and Firm Investment: Evidence from a Bankruptcy Reform in Brazil.†The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3): 1365–1413.
- Punjab and Haryana High Court Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab 1947 yes Created with the independence of India in 1947 (former HC of Punjab in Lahore was mostly relevant for modernday Pakistan) Rajasthan High Court Rajasthan 1949 yes Created with the foundation of Rajasthan (1948-1950) Sikkim High Court Sikkim 1955 no Established by the Maharaja of Sikkim in 1955, became an Indian High Court in 1975 when Sikkim joined India and the monarchy was abolished Uttarakhand High Court Uttarakhand 2000 yes Created when Uttaranchal was carved out of Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Kranti Dal independence movement.
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- Rauch, James E. 1999. “Networks versus markets in international trade.†Journal of International Economics, 48(1): 7–35.
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Rotemberg, Martin, and T Kirk White. 2017. “Measuring Cross-Country Differences in Misallocation. †Taschereau-Dumouchel, Mathieu. 2017. “Cascades and fluctuations in an economy with an endogenous production network.†Tintelnot, Felix, Ken Kikkawa, Magne Mogstad, and Emmanuel Dhyne. 2017. “Trade and Domestic Production Networks.†Unpublished Manuscript, University of Chicago.
Visaria, Sujata. 2009. “Legal Reform and Loan Repayment: The Microeconomic Impact of Debt Recovery Tribunals in India.†American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3): 59–81.