Aidt, T. and Eterovic, D. S. (2011). Political competition, electoral participation and public ï¬nance in 20th century Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy 27:181– 200 Aidt, T. and G. Mooney. (2014). “Voting suffrage and the political budget cycle: Evidence from the London Metropolitan Boroughs 1902 – 1937.†Journal of Public Economics 112: 53-71.
Ashworth, J. and B. Heyndels (2005).Government Fragmentation and Budgetary Policy in 'Good' and 'Bad' Times in Flemish Municipalities. Economics and Politics 17(2): 245–263.
Ashworth, J., Geys, B., Heyndels, B, and F. Wille (2014). Competition in the Political Arena and Local Government Performance. Applied Economics 46(19-21): 2264-2276.
- Bartolini, Stefano and Peter Mair (1990). Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability. Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Baumol, William J. (1982). Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure. American Economic Review 72(1): 1-15.
- Baumol, William J., John C. Panzar, & Robert D. Willig (1982). Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Besley, T. Persson, T. & Sturm, D. M. (2010). Political competition, policy and growth: theory and evidence from the united states. Review of Economic Studies, 77: 1329–1352.
- Besley, Timothy (2006). Principled Agents. Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Blais, André and Ignacio Lago (2009). A general measure of district competitiveness. Electoral Studies 28: 94-100.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Bodet, Marc André (2014). Strongholds and Battlegrounds: Measuring Party Support Stability in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science 46(3): 575-596.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Borge, L-E (2005). Strong politicians, small deficits: evidence from Norwegian local governments European Journal of Political Economy 21(2): 325-344 Buchler, Justin (2010). Hiring and Firing Public Officials: Rethinking the Purpose of Elections. Oxford University Press.
Borooah, Vani K.(2002). A General Measure of the Effective Number of Parties in a Political System. IN F. Cabrillo (ed.) Constitutional Economics and Public Institutions. Edward Elgar, 146-159.
- Carey, John M. and Matthew A, Shugart. (1995). Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas. Electoral Studies 14(4): 417-439.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Chhibber, Pradeep and Irfan Nooruddin (2004). Do Party Systems Count? : The Number of Parties and Government Performance in the Indian States. Comparative Political Studies 2004 37: 152-187 Demsetz, H. (1968). Why Regulate Utilities? Journal of Law and Economics, 11(1): 55-65.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Cox, Gary W. (1994). Strategic Voting Under the Single Nontransferable Vote. American Political Science Review 88(3), 608-621.
- Cox, Gary W. (1997). Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World`s Electoral Systems. Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Drazen, A. and M. Eslava. 2010. “Electoral manipulation via voter-friendly spending: Theory and evidence†Journal of Development Economics 92(1): 39-52.
- Duverger, M. (1954). Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Elkins, David J. (1974). The Measurement of Party Competition. American Political Science Review 68(2): 682-700.
- Endersby, James W., Steven E. Galatas and Chapman B. Rackaway (2002). Closeness Counts in Canada: Voter Participation in the 1993 and 1997 Federal Elections. Journal of Politics 64(2): 610631.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ferris, J. S, Park, S. B. & Winer, S. L. (2008). Studying the role of political competition in the evolution of government size over long horizons. Public Choice, 137: 369-401.
- Franklin, Mark N. (20040. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies Since 1945. Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Gaines, B. J. (1999). Duverger’s law and the meaning of Canadian exceptionalism. Comparative Political Studies, 32(7): 835–861.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Gaines, B.J. & Taagepera, R. (2013). How to operationalize two-partyness. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 10: 1-18.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Geominne, Stijn, Benny Geys and Carine Smolders (2008). Political fragmentation and projected tax revenues: evidence from Flemish Municipalities. International Tax and Public Finance 15:297-315.
Gerring, John, Maxwell Palmer, Jan Teorell and Dominic Zarecki (2015). Demography and democracy: A Global, District-Level Analysis of Electoral Contestation. American Political Science Review 109(3): 574-591.
Ghosh, Saibal (2010). Does Political Competition Matter for Economic Performance? Evidence from Sub-national Data. Political Studies 58: 1030-1048.
- Godbout, Jean_Francois and Bjorn Hoyland (2013). The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867 - 1908). Canadian Journal of Political Science 46(4): 773-797.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Golden, Miriam and Brian Min (2013). Distributive Politics Around the World. Annual Reviews of Political Science 16: 73-99.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Grofman, A. Blais and S. Bowler. Duverger's Law and Plurality Voting. Springer 2009: 83-96.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Grofman, Bernard and Peter Selb (2009). A fully general index of political competition. Electoral Studies 28: 291–296.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Hartle, D. (1985). Achieving Electoral Success in a Multi-Constituency System Through Discriminatory Parties. Unpublished, Economic Council of Canada.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Hirschman, Albert O. (1964). The Paternity of an Index. American Economic Review 54(5): 761-762.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Jacobson, G. (2006). The politics of Congressional elections, 7th edition. New York NY: Longman.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Johnston, Richard, J. Scott Mathews and Amanda Bittner (2007). Turnout and the Party System in Canada, 1988 - 2004. Electoral Studies 26: 735-745 Johnston, Richard (2010). Political Parties and the Electoral System. In John C. Courtney and David E. Smith. The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics Online. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335354.001.0001/oxfordhb9780195335354 -e-12 Kayser, Mark Andreas and René Lindstädt (20114). A cross-national measure of electoral risk. Unpublished, January.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Laakso, M. and Taagepera, Rein (1979). Effective number of parties: a measure with application to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 12: 3–27.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lovink, J. (1973). Is Canadian Politics Too Competitive?. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 6: 342-379.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Mayhew, D. R. (1974). Congressional elections: the case of the vanishing marginals. Polity 6(3), 295317.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Pedersen, Mogens (1979). The dynamics of European party systems: Changing patterns of electoral volatility. European Journal of Political Research 7: 1-26.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Persson, Torsten and Guido Tabellini (2000). Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy. MIT Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Persson, Torsten and Guido Tabellini. 2005. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
- Przeworski, Adam and John Sprague (1971). Concepts in Search of an Explicit Formulation: A Study in Measurement. Midwest Journal of Political Science 15(2): 183-218.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Przeworski, Adam. (2010). Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. Cambridge University Press.
- Rae, Douglas (1967).The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. Yale University Press Rae, Douglas (1968). A Note on the Fractionalization of Some European Party Systems. Comparative Political Studies 1: 413-418.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ricciuti, R. (2004). Political fragmentation and fiscal outcomes. Public Choice 118 (3-4):365-388 Riker, William H. (1982). The Two-Party System and Duverger`s Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science. American Political Science Review 76(4): 753-766.
- Roemer, John E. (2001). Political Competition: Theory and Applications. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Roubini, N. and G. Sachs (1989). Political and Economic Determinants of Budget deficits in the Industrial Democracies. European Economic Review 33: 903-938.
Singh, S., I. Lago and André Blais (2011) Winning and competitiveness as determinants of political support. Social Science Quarterly 92(3): 695-709.
- Soroka, Stuart N. and Christopher Wlezien (2010). Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion, and Policy. Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Stiglitz, J (1992). "The meanings of competition in economic analysis". Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali. 100(2):191-212. Stigler, George. "Economic versus Political Competition". Public Choice.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Taagepera, R. (2007). Predicting Party Sizes: The Logic of Simple Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Taagepera, Rein and Matthew Shugart. (1989). Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Winer, Stanley L. , Lawrence W. Kenny and Bernard Grofman (2014). "Explaining variation in the competitiveness of U.S. Senate elections, 1922–2004". Public Choice. DOI 10.1007/s11127-0140176 -0.