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- Results Figure G.19 represents the plots of the leads-and-lags regression of equation (13). The impact is negative and statistically significant in 2017. The magnitude of the impact is higher the smaller the bandwidth. However, the impact of 2018 reached 0 and becomes non-statistically significant. This is explained by the announcement made in February 2018 regarding the implementation of new metro lines in the south of Paris.49 D Calculating the 2016 GP Closure Costs in Euro Value The 2016 GP closure displaced congestion and pollution to other substitute roads. However, since the impacts on traffic and pollution are non-linear the overall impact might change. To measure the costs of this policy, I quantify the impacts of an increase in pollutant emissions and an increase in travel time among the treated population.
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