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- Column (2) uses the Fama-French 3-factor (the domestic market, SMB and HML factor) adjusted abnormal returns. Column (3) uses the Fama-French 4-factor (the domestic market, SMB, HML and momentum factors) adjusted abnormal returns. We use 2003-2007 as the training period to estimate factor loadings. All the independent variables are taken at the end of year 2007. In column (1) and (4), the variable of interest is the foreign bank-affiliated ownership. In column (2)-(3) and column (5)-(6), we decompose foreign bank-affiliated ownership into high lending relationship ownership and low lending relationship ownership. Industry fixed-effects at two-digit SIC level and country fixed effects are included in all specifications. The standard errors are always clustered at the firm level. ***, ** and * represent significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively using robust standard errors with t-statistics given in parentheses.
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- Columns (1) and (3) are for the crisis period from 2008 to 2009. Column (2) and (4) are only for year 2008. As a sort of placebo test, in column (5) and (6) we run the same regressions for the pre-crisis period of year 2006 and year 2007. Detailed definitions of each variable can be found in the Appendix. ***, ** and * represent significance levels at %, 5% and 10% respectively using robust standard errors with t-statistics given in parentheses.
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- Columns (1)-(3) report the results during the crisis period of year 2008 and year 2009. Columns (4)-(6) focus on the pre-crisis period of year 2006 and year 2007. The control variables are the same as in Table V. Country × year and industry fixed effects are always included. For brevity, we only report the variables of interest.
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- Negative stock return skewness: for any stock-year, it is calculated by taking the negative of the third moment of daily returns and dividing it by the standard deviation of daily returns raised to the third power (Chen et al, 2000). It is defined as: 3/2 3 2 3/2 ( ( 1) ) /(( 1)( 2)( ) ) it it it NCSKEW n n R n n R = − − − − ∑ ∑ .
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- Panel A: Contemporaneous Returns In Panel A, we link the drop in foreign ownership with the contemporaneous cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) over the half year. All firm-level accounting variables on the right-hand side are taken at the beginning of the year. The pre-crisis period is from 2006 to 2007. The crisis period includes year 2008 and the first half year of 2009. Column (1) and column (4) are for the pre-crisis period. Column (2) and (5) are for the crisis period. Column (3) and (6) are for the period of year 2008. Industry fixed-effects at two-digit SIC level and country × year fixed effects are included in all specifications. The standard errors are always clustered at the firm level. ***, ** and * represent significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively using robust standard errors with t-statistics given in parentheses.
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