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- A German Microcensus (2007-2009) Data and Sample: The Microcensus interviews about 830,000 individuals each year. Participation is required by law (though answering some questions is voluntary) as the data form the basis for the calculation of nationally representative labor market statistics. The scientic use le is a 70% subsample of the ocial dataset. We restrict the sample to rst-generation immigrants, i.e. foreign-born individuals who live in private households in Germany. For each person, we know the year the person arrived in Germany and the country of origin. Individuals born abroad to German parents are also contained in the foreign-born sample but can be identied as their country of origin is missing. We further restrict our sample to immigrants who arrived in Germany between 1976 and 2000 and are between 16 and 35 years of age in the post-reform period (1991-2009).
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- All adult immigrants arriving between 1992 and 2000 become eligible after 8 years of residency (between 2000 and 2009). In the nal step, we then calculate the number of years an immigrant in 2007-2009 has been eligible for German citizenship.
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- Figure 1: Number of Naturalizations in Germany Figure 2: Eligibility for German Citizenship after the 1991 and 2000 Reforms Notes : The figure shows the year of eligibility for naturalization as a function of the year of arrival and the residency requirement of the 1991 and 2000 reforms. Adolescent immigrants (aged 16-22) get eligible after 8 years of residency, while adult immigrants (aged 23 and older) faced a 15-year residency requirement prior to 2000 and 8-year residency requirement after 2000. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Naturalizations (in 1000s) 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 Year of Eligibility Year of Arrival in Germany Adult Immigrants Adolescent Immigrants Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
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- Male Immigrants Female Immigrants Table A1: Summary Statistics of the Microcensus Notes : The table shows summary statistics for the sample of first-generation immigrants who arrived in Germany between 1976 and 2000 and are 16-35 years old in the post-reform period (1991-2009). Ethnic Germans are excluded from the sample. The means for personal income, public sector and white collar employment are only available for the subsample of working individuals; GDP per capita in the country of origin (measured in 2005) is only available for immigrants for which we know the country of origin rather than only the region of origin. Low-skilled are those without highschool degree or vocational degree; medium-skilled individuals are those with a highschool or vocational degree; high-skilled are those with a college degree. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
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- Notes : The figure reports official statistics of the number of naturalizations in Germany (excluding naturalized ethnic Germans). The figure contains discretionary naturalizations (applications for naturalization based on critera other than ancestry) prior to 1993; and naturalizations following the 1990 reform and other discretionary naturalizations after 1993. We exclude naturalizations through a legal claim (based on German ancestry prior to 1990) prior to 1993 and naturalizations based on German ancestry after 1993.
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- Since 2005, the survey records whether and how an immigrant has obtained German citizenship and the year in which naturalization took place. To dene our sample of interest, we rst calculate the number of years an immigrant has lived in Germany. Together with the age of an individual in the post-reform period, we then dene the year an immigrant is rst eligible for citizenship based on the residency requirement. An immigrant arriving in 1976 becomes eligible for citizenship in 1991 independent of her age. Adolescent immigrants (aged 16-22) arriving between 1977 and 1982 become eligible in 1991 while those arriving between 1983 and 2000 become eligible after 8 years (between 1991 and 2009). Adult immigrants (aged 23 and older) arriving between 1977 and 1985 become eligible after 15 years of residence (between 1991 and 2000). Adult immigrants arriving between 1986 and 1991 all become eligible in 2000 when the reduced residency requirement comes into eect.
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- To test whether immigrants from lower-income countries benet more from naturalization, we use the GDP per capita in the country of origin (divided by 1,000) in 2005 from the Penn World Tables (Heston et al., 2011). The sample including the GDP data is smaller as we can only match immigrants where we know the actual country of origin and not only the broad region (such as North Africa). To control for state-specic labor market shocks, we use the state unemployment rate dened as percentage of registered unemployed people to the total number of employed persons. To control for the state's economic situation more broadly, we use the growth rate in state GDP per capita from the national accounts data.
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- We further restrict the sample to rst-generation immigrants between age 16 and 35 in the 1991-2009 period. Based on the residency requirement, the eligibility indicator is equal to one if (1) an individual has been in Germany for at least 8 years and is betweeen 16 and 22 years old in the post-1990 period; (2) if an immigrant has been in Germany for at least 15 years and is 23 years old or above during the survey years 1991-1999; and (3) if an immigrant has been in Germany for at least 8 years and is 23 years-old or above in the survey years 2000-2009. The indicator is zero if a rst-generation immigrant is not (yet) eligible for naturalization in the current year.
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