Asfaw, S. ; Pallante, G. ; Palma, A. Diversification strategies and adaptation deficit: Evidence from rural communities in Niger. 2018 World Development. 101 219-234
Asfaw, S. ; Scognamillo, A. ; Caprera, G.D. ; Sitko, N. ; Ignaciuk, A. Heterogeneous impact of livelihood diversification on household welfare: Cross-country evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. 2019 World Development. 117 278-295
Atkinson, A.B. ; Brandolini, A. On the identification of the middle class. 2011 En : Gornick, J.C. ; Jäntti, M. Income Inequality: Economic Disparities and the Middle Class in Affluent Countries. Stanford University Press:
Barber, B.M. ; Odean, T. Online investors: Do the slow die first?. 2002 The Review of Financial Studies. 15 455-488
Beck, T. ; Pamuk, H. ; Ramrattan, R. ; Burak, R.U. Payment instruments, finance and development. 2018 Journal of Development Economics. 133 162-186
Birdsall, N. The (indispensable) middle class in developing countries; or, the rich and the rest, not the poor and the rest. 2010 Center for Global Development Working Paper. No. 207 -
- Cai, H.B. ; Zheng, H.X. The characteristics, factors and countermeasures of middle-income group’s “slip” (in Chinese). 2023 Population & Economics. 5 57-70
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Carbonell-Nicolau, O. ; Llavador, H. Inequality, bipolarization, and tax progressivity. 2021 American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 13 492-513
- Chaudhuri, S.J. ; Jalan, ; Suryahadi, A. Assessing Household Vulnerability to Poverty From Cross-Sectional Data: A Methodology and Estimates from Indonesia, Discussion Paper. 2002 Columbia University:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Demertzis, M. ; Merler, S. ; Wolff, G.B. Capital markets union and the fintech opportunity. 2018 Journal of Financial Regulation. 4 157-165
Du, Q. ; Zhou, F. ; Yang, T. ; Du, M. Digital financial inclusion, household financial participation and well-being: Micro-evidence from China. 2023 Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 59 1782-1796
Du, Y. ; Wang, Q. ; Zhou, J. How does digital inclusive finance affect economic resilience: Evidence from 285 cities in China. 2023 International Review of Financial Analysis. 88 -
Ellis, F. Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. 1998 The Journal of Development Studies. 35 1-38
Foster, J.E. ; Wolfson, M.E. Polarization and the decline of the middle class: Canada and the U.S. 2010 The Journal of Economic Inequality. 8 247-273
Gomber, P. ; Koch, J.A. ; Siering, M. Digital finance and fintech: Current research and future research directions. 2017 Journal of Business Economics. 87 537-580
Gunther, I., & Harttgen, K., Estimating households vulnerability to idiosyncratic and covariate shocks: A novel method applied in Madagascar. 2009 World Development. 37 1222-1234
- He, P. ; Gao, J. ; Zhang, R. A study on the relationship between household wants, vulnerability and income-consumption (in Chinese). 2010 Economic Research Journal. 45 78-89
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Hernández, J.E. ; Zuluaga, B. Vulnerability to multidimensional poverty: An application to Colombian households. 2022 Social Indicators Research. 164 345-371
- Hong, C.Y. ; Lu, X. ; Pan, J. Fintech Adoption and Household Risk-Taking. 2020 NBER Working Papers:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Hu, D. ; Guo, F. ; Shang, J. ; Zhang, X. Does digital finance increase household risk-taking? Evidence from China. 2024 International Review of Economics and Finance. 93 1197-1210
Jin, S. ; Ma, T. ; Tan, X. Digital financial inclusion and household energy poverty: Evidence from China. 2024 Economic Analysis and Policy. 83 436-456
Kara, A. ; Zhou, H.Y. ; Zhou, Y.F. Achieving the United Nations’ sustainable development goals through financial inclusion: A systematic literature review of access to finance across the globe. 2021 International Review of Financial Analysis. 77 -
- Kharas, H. The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries. OECD Development Centre Working Papers. 2010 :
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Kidane, S.M. ; Zegeye, E.W. The nexus of income diversification and welfare: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. 2019 African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 12 343-353
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Law, S.H. ; Tan, H.B. ; Azman-Saini, W.N.W. Financial development and income inequality at different levels of institutional quality. 2014 Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 50 21-33
Lee, C.C. ; Lou, R. ; Wang, F.H. Digital financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: Evidence from the sustainable development of China. 2023 Economic Analysis and Policy. 77 418-434
- Leigh-Preston, N. The debate over the disappearing middle. 2012 Berkeley Planning Journal. 3 -
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Leika, M. ; Marchettini, D. A generalized framework for the assessment of household financial vulnerability. 2017 IMF working paper. WP/17/228 -
- Li, C.L. Middle income group: Growth and composition (in Chinese). 2018 Journal of Beijing University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition). 18 1-7
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Li, J. ; Li, J. Inclusive finance and entrepreneurship: “Give people a fish” or “teach people to fish”? (in Chinese). 2020 Journal of Financial Research. 475 69-87
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Li, L. ; Bai, X. Measuring and decomposing Chinese households’ vulnerability of poverty (in Chinese). 2010 Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics. 27 61-73
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Liu, L. ; Guo, L. Digital financial inclusion, income inequality, and vulnerability to relative poverty. 2023 Social Indicator Reseach. 170 1155-1181
- Liu, Y. ; Si, X. ; Song, L. Estimation of duration and exit hazard of middle-income group-based on the EM algorithm for division of income groups (in Chinese). 2021 Statistical Research. 38 121-135
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
López-Calva, L.F. ; Ortiz-Juarez, E.A. Vulnerability approach to the definition of the middle class. 2014 The Journal of Economic Inequality. 12 23-47
Lu, L. ; Liu, P. ; Yu, J. ; Shi, X. Digital inclusive finance and energy transition towards carbon neutrality: Evidence from Chinese firms. 2023 Energy Economics. 127 -
Lu, X. ; Lai, Y. ; Zhang, Y. Digital financial inclusion and investment diversification: Evidence from China. 2023 Accounting and Finance. 63 2781-2799
Maggio, M.D. ; Yao, V. Fintech borrowers: Lax screening or cream-skimming?. 2021 Review of Financial Studies. 34 4565-4618
Matsuura-Kannari, M. ; Luh, Y. ; Islam, A.H.M. Weather shocks, livelihood diversification, and household food security: Empirical evidence from rural Bangladesh. 2023 Agricultural Economics. 54 455-470
Milanovic, B. ; Yitzhaki, S. Does decomposing world income distribution: Does the world have a middle class?. 2002 Review of Income and Wealth. 48 155-178
- Minsky, H. The financial fragility hypothesis: Capitalist process and the behavior of the economy. 1982 En : Kindleberger, C.P. ; Lafargue, J.P. Financial Crises. Cambridge University Press:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Mukhopadhaya, P. Trends in income inequality in China: The effects of various sources of income. 2013 Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 18 304-327
Nguyen, A.T. ; Gan, C. ; Anh, D. The interrelationships among the formal, semi-formal, and informal credit demands of farm households in Vietnam. 2021 International Journal of Social Economics. 48 -
Noerhidajati, S. ; Purwoko, A.B. ; Werdaningtyas, H. ; Kamil, A.I. ; Dartanto, T. Household financial vulnerability in Indonesia: Measurement and determinants. 2021 Economic Modelling. 96 433-444
Nunn, N. ; Qian, N. US food aid and civil conflict. 2014 The American Economic Review. 104 1630-1666
- OECD, Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class. 2019 OECD Publishing: Paris
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Panos, G. ; Wilson, J. ; Adcock, C. Financial literacy and responsible finance in the fintech era: Capabilities and challenges. 2020 The European Journal of Finance. 26 297-301
Peng, P. ; Mao, H. The effect of digital financial inclusion on relative poverty among urban households: A case study on China. 2023 Social Indicators Research. 165 377-407
- Qian, H. ; Tao, Y. ; Cao, S. ; Cao, Y. Theoretical and empirical analysis on the development of digital finance and economic growth in China (in Chinese). 2020 The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics. 37 26-46
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Rasch, R. Measuring the middle class in middle-income countries. 2017 Forum for Social Economics. 46 321-336
- Ravallion, M. The developing world’s bulging (but vulnerable) middle class. 2010 World Development. 38 445-454
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Rosenthal, N.H. Shrinking middle class: Myth or reality. 1985 The Monthly Labor Review. 108 3-10
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Song, Y. ; Gong, Y. ; Song, Y. ; Chen, X. Exploring the impact of digital inclusive finance on consumption volatility: Insights from household entrepreneurship and income volatility. 2024 Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 200 -
Stampini, M. ; Robles, M. ; Sáenz, M. ; Ibarrarán, P. ; Medellín, N. Poverty, vulnerability, and the middle class in Latin America. 2016 Latin American Economic Review. 25 -
Storm, S. The new normal: Demand, secular stagnation, and the vanishing middle class. 2017 International Journal of Political Economy. 46 169-210
- Tang, X. ; Ding, S. ; Gao, X. ; Zhao, T. Can digital finance help increase the value of strategic emerging enterprises?. 2022 Sustainable Cities and Society. 81 -
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Tetsuya, N. How does the middle class vanish? The importance of redistribution targets. 2023 Economic Analysis and Policy. 79 560-568
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Turégano, D.M. ; Herrero, A.G. Financial inclusion, rather than size, is the key to tackling income inequality. 2018 The Singapore Economic Review. 63 167-184
Turvey, C.G. ; Rong, K. Informal lending amongst friends and relatives: Can microcredit compete in rural China?. 2010 China Economic Review. 21 544-556
Wan, J. ; Li, R. ; Wang, W. ; Liu, Z. ; Chen, B. Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management. 2016 Sustainability. 8 1064-
Wang, D. ; Wang, Z. ; Cai, W. ; Wu, Q. Digital inclusive finance, higher education expansion and regional carbon emissions: Evidence from China. 2024 International Review of Economics and Finance. 89 1091-1101
Wang, G. ; Zhang, Y. How precisely can we estimate vulnerability to poverty (in Chinese)?. 2009 The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics. 26 138-148
Wang, Q. ; Liu, C. ; Lan, S. Digital literacy and financial market participation of middle-aged and elderly adults in China. 2023 Economic and Political Studies. 11 441-468
Ward, P.S. Transient poverty, poverty dynamics, and vulnerability to poverty: An empirical analysis using a balanced panel from rural China. 2016 World Development. 78 541-553
- Weng, J. ; Wang, J. The measurement method of middle-income group and its application: Empirical evidence from CHIP (in Chinese). 2019 Chinese Journal of Population Science. 5 43-55
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- White, G.F. ; Haas, J. . 1975 The MIT Press: Cambridge MA
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Wu, J. ; Wu, L. Impacts of digital financial inclusion on household entrepreneurship. 2023 Finance Research Letters. 56 -
Wu, K. ; Fu, Y. ; Kong, D. Does the digital transformation of enterprises affect stock price crash risk?. 2022 Finance Research Letters. 48 -
- Xu, F. ; Zhang, X. ; Zhou, D. Does digital financial inclusion reduce the risk of returning to poverty? Evidence from China. 2023 International Journal of Finance and Economics. 1-23
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Yang, B. ; Wang, X. ; Wu, T. ; Deng, W. Reducing farmers’ poverty vulnerability in China: The role of digital financial inclusion. 2023 Review of Development Economics. 27 1445-1480
Yang, X. ; Huang, Y. ; Gao, M. Can digital financial inclusion promote female entrepreneurship? Evidence and mechanisms. 2022 The North American Journal of Economics and Finance. 63 -
Yu, C. ; Hui, E.C. ; Dong, Z. Digital inclusive finance and entrepreneurship in rural areas: Evidence from China. 2024 China Agricultural Economic Review. 16 712-730
Yuan, Y. ; Xu, L. Are poor able to access the informal credit market? Evidence from rural households in China. 2015 China Economic Review. 33 232-246
Zhang, C. ; Zhu, Y.Y. ; Zhang, L.M. Effect of digital financial inclusion on common prosperity and the underlying mechanisms. 2024 International Review of Financial Analysis. 91 -
- Zhang, X. ; Yang, T. ; Wang, C. ; Wang, G. Digital finance and household consumption: Theory and evidence from China (in Chinese). 2020 Journal of Management World. 36 48-63
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now