Adalbert Abraham Ghislain, M.B. Does the diffusion of information and communication technologies affect the shadow economy in Africa?. 2022 Afr. Dev. Rev.. 34 513-526
Afonso, O. ; Neves, P.C. ; Pinto, T. The non-observed economy and economic growth: a meta-analysis. 2020 Econ. Syst.. 44 -
Ai, Y. ; Chi, Z. ; Sun, G. ; Zhou, H. ; Kong, T. The research on non-linear relationship between enterprise digital transformation and stock price crash risk. 2023 N. Am. J. Econo. Finance. 68 -
Aidis, R. ; Estrin, S. ; Mickiewicz, T.M. Size matters: entrepreneurial entry and government. 2012 Small Bus. Econ.. 39 119-139
- Ajide, F.M. ; Dada, J.T. Globalization and shadow economy: a panel analysis for Africa. 2024 Rev. Econ. Polit. Sci.. 9 166-189
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ajide, F.M. ; Dada, J.T. The impact of ICT on shadow economy in West Africa. 2022 Int. Soc. Sci. J.. 72 749-767
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Alañón*, A. ; Gómez-Antonio, M Estimating the size of the shadow economy in Spain: a structural model with latent variables. 2005 Appl. Econ.. 37 1011-1025
Alstadsæter, A. ; Johannesen, N. ; Zucman, G. Tax evasion and inequality. 2019 Am. Econ. Rev.. 109 2073-2103
- APEC Stepping Outside the Shadows: Informality and Digitalisation. 2022 APEC Policy Support Unit:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Awasthi, R., & Engelschalk, M. (2018). Taxation and the shadow economy: how the tax system can stimulate and enforce the formalization of business activities. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8391).
- Bajada, C. ; Schneider, F. The shadow economies of the Asia‐Pacific. 2005 Pac. Econ. Rev.. 10 379-401
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Bansah, M. ; Mohsin, M. Tackling the shadow economy through inflation and access to credit. 2023 J. Int. Trade Econ. Dev.. 1-25
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bennihi, A.S. ; Bouriche, L. ; Schneider, F. The informal economy in Algeria: new insights using the MIMIC approach and the interaction with the formal economy. 2021 Econ. Anal. Policy.. 72 470-491
Berdiev, A.N. ; Saunoris, J.W. Does globalisation affect the shadow economy?. 2018 The World Econ.. 41 222-241
Blanton, R.G. ; Early, B. ; Peksen, D. Out of the shadows or into the dark? Economic openness, IMF programs, and the growth of shadow economies. 2018 Rev. Int. Organ.. 13 309-333
Boitan, I.A. ; Ștefoni, S.E. Digitalization and the shadow economy: impact assessment and policy implications for EU Countries. 2023 East. Europ. Econ.. 61 152-180
- Bollen, K.A. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. 1989 John Wiley & Sons:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Breusch, T. Estimating the underground economy using MIMIC models. 2016 J. Tax Admin.. 2 41-72
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Buehn, A. ; Dell'Anno, R. ; Schneider, F. Exploring the dark side of tax policy: an analysis of the interactions between fiscal illusion and the shadow economy. 2018 Empir. Econ.. 54 1609-1630
Buehn, A. ; Schneider, F. Corruption and the shadow economy: like oil and vinegar, like water and fire?. 2012 Int. Tax. Public Financ.. 19 172-194
Cagan, P. The demand for currency relative to the total money supply. 1958 J. Politic. Econ.. 66 303-328
Canh, N.P. ; Thanh, S.D. Financial development and the shadow economy: a multi-dimensional analysis. 2020 Econ. Anal. Policy.. 67 37-54
Capasso, S. ; Jappelli, T. Financial development and the underground economy. 2013 J. Dev. Econ.. 101 167-178
Chacaltana, J., Leung, V., & Lee, M. (2018). New technologies and the transition to formality: the trend towards e-formality. ILO Employment Policy Department Working Paper, 247.
- Charmes, J. ; Gault, F. ; Wunsch-Vincent, S. Measuring innovation in the informal economy–formulating an agenda for Africa. 2018 J. Intellect. Cap.. 19 536-549
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Chatti, W. ; Majeed, M.T. How does ICT affect the shadow economy towards environmental preservation? Evidence from a panel of developing and developed nations. 2023 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.. 30 22046-22062
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Chen, H. ; Schneider, F. ; Sun, Q. Measuring the size of the shadow economy in 30 provinces of China over 1995–2016: the MIMIC approach. 2019 Pacif. Econ. Rev.. 25 427-453
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Christensen, C. ; Raynor, M.E. ; McDonald, R. Disruptive Innovation. 2013 Harvard Business Review Brighton:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Cole, S.A. ; Fernando, A. Finance Working Paper No. 13-047. 2016 Harvard Business School: Cambridge, MA
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Combes, P.P. ; Duranton, G. ; Gobillon, L. The costs of agglomeration: house and land prices in French cities. 2019 Rev. Econ. Stud.. 86 1556-1589
Dell'Anno, R. Analyzing the determinants of the shadow economy with a “separate approach”. An application of the relationship between inequality and the shadow economy. 2016 World Dev.. 84 342-356
Dell'Anno, R. Measuring the unobservable: estimating informal economy by a structural equation modeling approach. 2023 Int. Tax. Public Financ.. 30 247-277
Dell'Anno, R. ; Davidescu, A.A. Estimating shadow economy and tax evasion in Romania. A comparison by different estimation approaches. 2019 Econ. Anal. Policy.. 63 130-149
- Diamantopoulos, A. ; Winklhofer, H.M. Index construction with formative indicators: an alternative to scale development. 2001 J. Market. Res.. 38 269-277
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Dybka, P. ; Kowalczuk, M. ; Olesiński, B. ; Torój, A. ; Rozkrut, M. Currency demand and MIMIC models: towards a structured hybrid method of measuring the shadow economy. 2019 Int. Tax. Public Financ.. 26 4-40
Elbahnasawy, N.G. Can e-government limit the scope of the informal economy?. 2021 World Dev.. 139 105341-
Falck, O. ; Gold, R. ; Heblich, S. E-lections: voting Behavior and the Internet. 2014 Am. Econ. Rev.. 104 2238-2265
Feige, E.L. Defining and estimating underground and informal economies: the new institutional economics approach. 1990 World Dev.. 18 989-1002
Franz, A. Estimates of the hidden economy in Austria on the basis of official statistics. 1985 Rev. Income Wealth. 31 325-336
Friedman, E. ; Johnson, S. ; Kaufmann, D. ; Zoido-Lobaton, P. Dodging the grabbing hand: the determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries. 2000 J. Public Econ.. 76 459-493
- Garcia-Murillo, M. ; Velez-Ospina, J.A. ICTs and the informal economy: mobile and broadband roles. 2017 Digit. Policy Regulat. Governance. 19 58-76
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion G20 High Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion. 2016 Group of 20: Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Goel, R.K. ; Nelson, M.A. Shining a light on the shadows: identifying robust determinants of the shadow economy. 2016 Econ. Model.. 58 351-364
Guo, C. ; Wang, X. ; Yuan, G. Digital finance and the efficiency of household investment portfolios. 2022 Emerg. Market. Finance Trade. 58 2895-2909
Hansen, B.E. Sample splitting and threshold estimation. 2000 Econometrica. 68 575-603
- Harris, J.R. ; Todaro, M.P. Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis. 1970 Am. Econ. Rev.. 60 126-142
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Haruna, E.U. ; Alhassan, U. Does digitalization limit the proliferation of the shadow economy in African countries? An in-depth panel analysis. 2022 Afric. Dev. Rev.. 34 S34-S62
- Islam, A. ; Muzi, S. ; Rodriguez Meza, J.L. Does mobile money use increase firms’ investment? Evidence from Enterprise Surveys in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. 2018 Small Bus. Econ.. 51 687-708
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Jacolin, L. ; Keneck Massil, J. ; Noah, A. Informal sector and mobile financial services in emerging and developing countries: does financial innovation matter?. 2021 World Econ.. 44 2703-2737
Jin, X. ; Lyu, K. The impact of digital economy on emerging employment trends: insights from the China Family Panel Survey (CFPS). 2024 Financ. Res. Lett.. 64 -
- Jöreskog, K.G. ; Goldberger, A.S. Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. 1975 J. Am. Stat. Assoc.. 70 631-639
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Khurram, M.U. ; Chen, L. ; Abedin, M.Z. ; Adu, D.A. ; Lucey, B. ESG disclosure and internal pay gap: empirical evidence from China. 2024 Int. Rev. Econ. Finance. 92 228-244
- Klapper, L., Miller, M., & Hess, J. (2019). Leveraging digital financial solutions to promote formal business participation. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
La Porta, R. ; Shleifer, A Informality and development. 2014 J. Econ. Perspect.. 28 109-126
- Li, Y.Y. The Calculation Method Based on the Scale of Tax Loss in China's underground Economy (in Chinese). 2019 Yunnan University of Finance and Economics:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lind, J.T. ; Mehlum, H. With or without U? The appropriate test for a U-shaped relationship. 2010 Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat.. 72 109-118
Medina, L., & Schneider, F. (2018). Shadow economies around the world: what did we learn over the last 20 years? International Monetary Fund Working Paper.
Ndoya, H. ; Okere, D. ; laure Belomo, M. ; Atangana, M. Does ICTs decrease the spread of informal economy in Africa?. 2023 Telecomm. Policy.. 47 -
Nguimkeu, P. ; Okou, C. Leveraging digital technologies to boost productivity in the informal sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2021 Rev. Policy Res.. 38 707-731
- Novkovska, B. ; Novkovski, N. Energy consumption and hidden economy in Macedonia: causes and responses. 2018 J. Policy Modell.. 40 166-181
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD A Roadmap Toward a Common Framework for Measuring the Digital Economy. 2020 OECD Publications:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Ohnsorge, F. ; Yu, S. The Long Shadow of informality: Challenges and Policies. 2022 World Bank Publications:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Osathanunkul, R. ; Dumrong, P. ; Yamaka, W. ; Maneejuk, P. The nonlinear impacts of aging labor and government health expenditures on productivity in ASEAN+ 3 economies. 2023 Econ. Anal. Policy.. 80 450-470
Pang, J. ; Li, N. ; Mu, H. ; Jin, X. ; Zhang, M. Asymmetric effects of urbanization on shadow economy both in short-run and long-run: new evidence from dynamic panel threshold model. 2022 Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 177 -
- Petkovski, I. ; Fedajev, A. ; Bazen, J. Modelling complex relationships between sustainable competitiveness and digitalization. 2022 J. Competitiveness. -
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Pham, T.H.H. Shadow economy and poverty: what causes what?. 2022 J. Econ. Inequal.. 20 861-891
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Psychoyios, D. ; Missiou, O. ; Dergiades, T. Energy based estimation of the shadow economy: the role of governance quality. 2021 Quarter. Rev. Econ. Finance. 80 797-808
- Rageth, L. ; Renold, U. The linkage between the education and employment systems: ideal types of vocational education and training programs. 2020 J. Educ. Policy. 35 503-528
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Rahman, S.U. ; Faisal, F. ; Ali, A. ; Sulimany, H.G.H. ; Bazhair, A.H. Do financial technology and financial development lessen shadow economy? Evidence from BRICST economies using heterogenous bootstrap panel causality. 2023 Q. Rev. Econ. Finance. 90 201-210
Remeikienė, R. ; Gasparėnienė, L. ; Bayar, Y. ; Ginevičius, R. ; Ragaišytė, I.M. ICT development and shadow economy: empirical evidence from the EU transition economies. 2022 Econ. Res.-Ekonomska istraživanja. 35 762-777
- Remeikienė, R. ; Gasparėnienė, L. ; Yorulmaz, Ö. ; Schieg, M. ; Stasiukynas, A. Evaluation of the level of shadow economy in Lithuanian regions. 2021 J. Bus. Econ. Manag.. 22 1360-1377
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Schneider, F. ; Buehn, A. Estimating the size of the shadow economy: Methods, problems and open questions. 2018 Open Econ.. 1 1-29
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Schneider, F. ; Buehn, A. ; Montenegro, C.E. New estimates for the shadow economies all over the world. 2010 Int. Econ. J.. 24 443-461
Schneider, F. ; Enste, D.H. Shadow economies: size, causes, and consequences. 2000 J. Econ. Lit.. 38 77-114
Schneider, F. ; Morkunas, M. ; Quendler, E. An estimation of the informal economy in the agricultural sector in the EU-15 from 1996 to 2019. 2023 Agribusiness. 39 406-447
- Schwab, K. The Global Competitiveness Report 2018. 2018 World Economic Forum:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Senyo, P.K. ; Gozman, D. ; Karanasios, S. ; Dacre, N. ; Baba, M. Moving away from trading on the margins: economic empowerment of informal businesses through FinTech. 2023 Inf. Syst. J.. 33 154-184
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Sun, Z. ; Zhao, L. ; Kaur, P. ; Islam, N. ; Dhir, A. Theorizing the relationship between the digital economy and firm productivity: the idiosyncrasies of firm-specific contexts. 2023 Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 189 -
Syed, A.A. ; Ahmed, F. ; Kamal, M.A. ; Trinidad Segovia, J.E. Assessing the role of digital finance on shadow economy and financial instability: an empirical analysis of selected South Asian countries. 2021 Mathematics. 9 3018-
Tang, L. ; Sun, S. Fiscal incentives, financial support for agriculture, and urban-rural inequality. 2022 Int. Rev. Financ. Anal.. 80 -
Tanzi, V. Uses and abuses of estimates of the underground economy. 1999 Econ. J. 109 338-347
- Tedds, L.M. ; Giles, D.E. . 2002 Canadian Tax Foundation: Toronto
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Totolo, E. Kenya's Digital Credit Revolution Five Years On. 2018 United Nations:
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Uyar, A. ; Benkraiem, R. ; Nimer, K. ; Schneider, F. Education, digitalization and tax evasion: international evidence. 2024 Int. J. Public Admin.. 47 41-56
Uyar, A. ; Nimer, K. ; Kuzey, C. ; Shahbaz, M. ; Schneider, F. Can e-government initiatives alleviate tax evasion? The moderation effect of ICT. 2021 Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 166 -
- Walton, G.W. ; Peiffer, C. The impacts of education and institutional trust on citizens’ willingness to report corruption: lessons from Papua New Guinea. 2017 Aust. J. Political Sci.. 52 517-536
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Wang, S. ; Yuan, Y. ; Wang, H. Corruption, hidden economy and environmental pollution: a spatial econometric analysis based on China's provincial panel data. 2019 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 16 2871-
- Wang, Y.X. Is China's economic growth overestimated? A counter evidence based on the underground economy (in Chinese). 2018 Nankai Econ. Stud.. 6 74-92
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Weck-Hannemann, H. ; Frey, B.S. The hidden economy as an ‘Unobservable’ variable. 1984 Eur. Econ. Rev.. 26 33-53
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Wu, B. ; Yang, W. Empirical test of the impact of the digital economy on China's employment structure. 2022 Financ. Res. Lett.. 49 -
Wu, H. ; Song, Y. Does performance of carbon neutrality affect firm value?. 2024 Financ. Res. Lett.. 63 -
- Xu, A.T. ; Li, J.C. The size of non-observed economy in China: a new discovery based on MIMIC model and economic census data (in Chinese). 2007 Stat. Res.. 24 30-36
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Xu, Z.Y. Research on the Size of Underground Economy in China (in Chinese). 2009 J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.. 31 133-136
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yang, G.J. ; Wang, H. ; Liu, Y. Analysis of the size of our unobserved economy based on the MIMIC model. 2014 Stat. Decis.. 2 112-116
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Yang, T. ; Zhang, X. FinTech adoption and financial inclusion: evidence from household consumption in China. 2022 J. Bank. Financ.. 145 -
- Yang, X. ; Yang, M. The temporal-spatial evolution characteristics of shadow economy in China: empirical evidence using prefecture level data. 2024 Cities.. 145 -
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yi, W.S. Measuring the scale of tax loss in China’s underground economy: based on the cash ratio method and the MIMIC model (in Chinese). 2018 Public Econ. Policy Stud.. 1 81-109
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yi, X.J. ; Zhou, L. Does the Development of Digital Inclusive Finance Significantly Affect Resident Consumption—Micro Evidence from Chinese Households. 2018 J. Financ. Res.. 11 47-67
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yu, C. ; Jia, N. ; Li, W. ; Wu, R. Digital inclusive finance and rural consumption structure–evidence from Peking University digital inclusive financial index and China household finance survey. 2022 China Agric. Econ. Rev.. 14 165-183
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Zellner, A. Estimation of regression relationships containing unobservable independent variables. 1970 Int. Econ. Rev. (Philadelphia). 441-454
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Zhang, N. ; Yang, W. ; Ke, H. Does rural e-commerce drive up incomes for rural residents? Evidence from Taobao villages in China. 2024 Econ. Anal. Policy.. 82 976-998
Zhang, Y. ; Ge, M. ; Yang, J. ; Liu, C. ; Chen, X. Controlling shareholders' equity pledge, digital finance, and corporate digital transformation. 2023 Int. Rev. Financ. Anal.. 90 -
- Zhang, Y. ; Long, H. ; Ma, L. ; Tu, S. ; Li, Y. ; Ge, D. Analysis of rural economic restructuring driven by e-commerce based on the space of flows: the case of Xiaying village in central China. 2022 J. Rural. Stud.. 93 196-209
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Zhou, C. ; Zhou, J. ; Chen, G. ; Xu, C. Digital finance and greener emissions: evidence from China. 2023 Appl. Econ.. 1-15
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now