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Abrahams, M., Adrian, T., Crump, R. K., Moench, E., Yu, R., 2016. Decomposing real and nominal yield curves. Journal of Monetary Economics 84, 182–200.
Albanesi, S., Şahin, A., 2018. The gender unemployment gap. Review of Economic Dynamics 30, 47–67.
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Barnichon, R., Mesters, G., 2018. On the demographic adjustment of unemployment. Review of Economics and Statistics 100, 219–231.
Barnichon, R., Nekarda, C. J., 2012. The ins and outs of forecasting unemployment: Using labor force flows to forecast the labor market. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 43, 83–131.
- Between March 1986 and March 1996 longer-run forecasts are provided in the March and October surveys.
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Blanchard, O. J., 2016. The US Phillips curve: Back to the 60s? Policy Brief PB16-1, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
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Blanchard, O. J., Summers, L. H., 1986. Hysteresis and the european unemployment problem. In: Fischer, S. (ed.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual, MIT Press, vol. 1, pp. 15–90.
- Blue Chip Financial Forecasts The Blue Chip Financial Forecasts Survey (BCFF) is a monthly survey of about 50 professional forecasters that has been running since 1982. The survey is typically released on the first day of the month, and is based on participants’ responses that have been collected during the last week of the previous month. The survey focuses primarily on financial variables such as interest rates (as compared to the BCEI) but also includes forecasts for major macroeconomic variables (such as output and inflation). The participants of the survey range from broker-dealers to economic consulting firms, and the identity of the participants is known for their shorter-term forecasts (out to as much as six-quarters ahead).
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Brauer, D., 2007. The natural rate of unemployment. Working Paper 2007-06, Congressional Budget Office.
- Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) The Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) provides annual measures of business dynamics for the economy and aggregated by establishment and firm characteristics. We use firm-age-specific job destruction rates by state from the publicly available BDS database for 1977-2014. The BDS is created from the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD), a confidential database available to qualified researchers through secure Federal Statistical Research Data Centers.
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- Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Business Employment Dynamics is a set of statistics generated from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program. These quarterly data series consist of gross job gains and gross job losses statistics from 1992 forward. These data help to provide a picture of the dynamic state of the labor market. The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment.
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Calvo, G., 1983. Staggered prices in a utility-maximizing framework. Journal of Monetary Economics 12, 383–398.
- Carter, C. K., Kohn, R., 1994. On gibbs sampling for state space models. Biometrika 81, 541–553.
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- Carvalho, C., Eusepi, S., Moench, E., Preston, B., 2017. Anchored inflation expectations, working Paper.
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Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., 2015. Is the Phillips curve alive and well after all? inflation expectations and the missing disinflation. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, 197–232.
Cutler, D. M., Poterba, J. M., Sheiner, L., Summers, L. H., 1990. An aging society: Opportunity or challenge? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 21, 1–73.
Daly, M. C., Hobijn, B., Şahin, A., Valletta, R. G., 2012. A search and matching approach to labor markets: Did the natural rate of unemployment rise? Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, 3–26.
Davis, S. J., Faberman, R. J., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R., Miranda, J., 2010. Business volatility, job destruction, and unemployment. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, 259–287.
Davis, S. J., Haltiwanger, J., 2014. Labor market fluidity and economic performance. Tech. Rep. 20479, NBER.
Davis, S. J., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R., Miranda, J., 2006. Volatility and dispersion in business growth rates: Publicly traded versus privately held firms. In: Acemoglu, D., Rogoff, K., Woodford, M. (eds.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual, MIT Press, vol. 21, pp. 259–287.
Davis, S. J., von Wachter, T., 2011. Recessions and the costs of job loss. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 42, 1–72.
Davis, S., Faberman, R. J., Haltiwanger, J., 2013. The establishment-level behavior of vacancies and hiring. Quarterly Journal of Economics 26, 3–26.
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- Del Negro, M., Giannone, D., Giannoni, M. P., Tambalotti, A., 2018. Safety, liquidity, and the natural rate of interest. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 49, 235–94.
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Del Negro, M., Giannoni, M. P., Schorfheide, F., 2015. Inflation in the great recession and new Keynesian models. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, 168–196.
Elsby, M. W. L., Hobijn, B., Şahin, A., 2010. The labor market in the great recession. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 41, 1–69.
Elsby, M. W. L., Hobijn, B., Şahin, A., 2013. Unemployment dynamics in the OECD. Review of Economics and Statistics 95, 530–548.
Elsby, M. W. L., Michaels, R., Solon, G., 2009. The ins and outs of cyclical unemployment. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1, 84–110.
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Erceg, C. J., Henderson, D. W., Levin, A. T., 2000. Optimal monetary policy with staggered wage and price contracts. Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 281–313.
Faberman, R. J., 2017. Job flows, jobless recoveries, and the great moderation. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control 76, 152–170.
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- For longer horizons the consensus (i.e., mean) forecast is provided for each variable. Beginning in 1983, BCFF began querying respondents on their forecasts for a selection of variables over the following five years (once in 1983 and twice in 1984 and 1985). Starting in 1986 these biannual special questions included longer horizons including 6-to-10 years or 7-to-11 years ahead. We merge responses for either horizon to form a single series.
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Fort, T. C., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. S., Miranda, J., 2013. How firms respond to business cycles: The role of firm age and firm size. IMF Economic Review 61, 520–559.
- Friedman, M., 1968. The role of monetary policy. American Economic Review 58, 1–17.
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- From December 1996 onward, long-run forecasts are provided in the June and December releases. The only exception to this rule is that long-run forecasts were provided in the January 2003 survey instead of the December 2002 survey. Blue Chip Financial Forecasts is owned by Wolters Kluwer.
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Fuhrer, J., Moore, G., 1995. Inflation persistence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 127–159.
Fujita, S., Ramey, G., 2009. The cyclicality of separation and job finding rates. International Economic Review 50, 415–430.
- GalıÌÂ, J., 2011. The return of the wage Phillips curve. Journal of the European Economic Association 9, 436–461.
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- GalıÌÂ, J., 2015. Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework and Its Applications. Princeton University Press.
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GalıÌÂ, J., Gertler, M., 1999. Inflation dynamics: A structural econometric analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics 44, 195–222.
GalıÌÂ, J., Smets, F., Wouters, R., 2012. Unemployment in an estimated new Keynesian model. In: Acemoglu, D., Woodford, M. (eds.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2011, MIT Press, vol. 26, pp. 329–360.
Gertler, M., Sala, L., Trigari, A., 2008. An estimated monetary DSGE model with unemployment and staggered nominal wage bargaining. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 40, 1713–1764.
- Glover, A., Short, J., 2018. Demographic origins of the decline in labors share, working paper.
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Goldin, C., 2006. The quiet revolution that transformed women’s employment, education, and family. American Economic Review 96, 1–21.
Goodfriend, M., King, R., 1997. The new neoclassical synthesis and the role of monetary policy. In: Bernanke, B. S., Rotemberg, J. J. (eds.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual, MIT Press, vol. 12, pp. 231–296.
Gordon, R. J., 1970a. Prices in 1970: The horizontal Phillips curve? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, 8–47.
- Gordon, R. J., 1970b. The recent acceleration of lessons inflation and its for the future. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, 8–47.
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Gordon, R. J., 1972. Wage-price controls and the shifting Phillips curve. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 3, 385–421.
Gordon, R. J., 1973. The response of wages and prices to the first two years of controls. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 4, 765–779.
- Gordon, R. J., 1982. Inflation, flexible exchange rates, and the natural rate of unemployment. In: Baily, M. N.
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- Hall, R. E., 1970a. The process of inflation in the labor market. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 5, 343–393.
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Hall, R. E., 1970b. Why is the unemployment rate so high at full employment? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, 369–410.
Hall, R. E., 2005. Employment fluctuations with equilibrium wage stickiness. American Economic Review 95, 50–65.
Hall, R. E., 2011. The long slump. American Economic Review 101, 431–469.
Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. S., Miranda, J., 2013. Who creates jobs? small versus large versus young. Review of Economics and Statistics 95, 347–361.
Hamilton, J. D., 2005. Whats real about the business cycle? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 87, 435–452.
Haubrich, J., Pennacchi, G., Ritchken, P., 2012. Inflation expectations, real rates, and risk premia: Evidence from inflation swaps. Review of Financial Studies 25, 15881629.
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Humphrey, T. M., 1991. Nonneutrality of money in classical monetary thought. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review 18, 3–15.
- Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) and Help Wanted Online Data (HWOL) We use vacancy data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), which provides surveybased measures of job openings and hires at a monthly frequency, starting from December 2000, for seventeen industries roughly corresponding to the 2-digit NAICS classification to calculate the mismatch index. At the occupation level, we use vacancy data from the Help Wanted OnLine (HWOL) dataset provided by The Conference Board (TCB) starting in May 2005. This is a novel data set containing the universe of online advertised vacancies posted on internet job boards or in newspaper online editions. It covers roughly 16,000 online job boards and provides detailed information about the characteristics of advertised vacancies for three to four million unique active ads each month.
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- Karahan, F., Pugsley, B., Şahin, A., 2018. Demographic origins of the startup deficit, working paper.
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Karahan, F., Rhee, S., 2017. Population aging, migration spillovers, and the decline in interstate migration. Staff report 699, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
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Krueger, A. B., 2017. Where have all the workers gone? an inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 48, 1–87.
Laubach, T., 2001. Measuring the NAIRU: Evidence from seven economies. Review of Economics and Statistics 83, 218–231.
- Livingston Survey The Livingston Survey was begun in June 1946 by Joseph Livingston, but was taken over in 1990 by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.40 The survey is conducted twice a year in June and December and was conducted when Livingston worked at the Philadelphia Inquirer. He sent his survey to professional economists. Note that the target CPI measure is the index value in the last month of the quarter.
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Lucas, R. E., 1972. Expectations and the neutrality of money. Journal of Economic Theory 4, 103–124.
Marston, S. T., 1976. Employment instability and high unemployment rates. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 7, 169–210.
Mikusheva, A., Poi, B. P., 2006. Tests and confidence sets with correct size when instruments are potentially weak. Stata Journal 6, 335–347.
Modigliani, F., Papademos, L., 1975. Targets for monetary policy in the coming year. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 6, 141–165.
Molloy, R., Trezzi, R., Smith, C. L., Wozniak, A., 2016. Understanding declining fluidity in the U.S. labor market. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 47, 183–259.
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Mortensen, D. T., Pissarides, C. A., 1994. Job creation and job destruction in the theory of unemployment. Review of Economic Studies 61, 397–415.
Mukoyama, T., Patterson, C., Şahin, A., 2018. Job search behavior over the business cycle. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, 190–215.
Orphanides, A., Williams, J. C., 2002. Robust monetary policy rules with unknown natural rates. Working Paper 2003-01, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
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Perry, G. L., 1972. Unemployment flows in the U.S. labor market. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 3, 245–292.
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- Phelps, E. S., 1967. Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time. Economica 34, 254–281.
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Phelps, E. S., 1968. Money-wage dynamics and labor-market equilibrium. Journal of Political Economy 76, 678–711.
Polivka, A. E., Miller, S. M., 1998. The cps after the redesign: Refocusing the economic lens. In: Labor Statistics Measurement Issues, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, pp. 249–289.
Pugsley, B. W., Şahin, A., 2019. Grown-up business cycles. Review of Financial Studies 32, 1102–1147.
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Sargent, T. J., 1971. A note on the ‘accelerationist’ controversy. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 3, 721–725.
Sbordone, A. M., 2002. Prices and unit labor costs: a new test of price stickiness. Journal of Monetary Economics 49, 265–292.
Schultze, C. L., 1971. Has the Phillips curve shifted? some additional evidence. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2, 452–467.
SedlaÃŒÂček, P., Sterk, V., 2017. The growth potential of startups over the business cycle. American Economic Review 107, 3182–3210.
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Shimer, R., 2001. The impact of young workers on the aggregate labor market. Quarterly Journal of Economics 3, 969–1007.
Shimer, R., 2005. The cyclical behavior of equilibrium unemployment and vacancies. American Economic Review 95, 25–49.
Shimer, R., 2012. Reassessing the ins and outs of unemployment. Review of Economic Dynamics 15, 127–148.
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- SPF The Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) is conducted on a quarterly basis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (FRBP). The survey began in the fourth quarter of 1968 and, at that time, was conducted by the American Statistical Association (ASA) and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) before being taken over by the FRBP in the second quarter of 1990.41 The forecasts are anonymous but are given specific industry identifiers which were updated in 2007. We use the average of the next four quarters ahead CPI forecasts which are available since 1981:Q3.
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Staiger, D., Stock, J., Watson, M. W., 1997. How precise are estimates of the natural rate of unemployment? In: Romer, C., Romer, D. (eds.), Reducing Inflation: Motivation and Strategy, University of Chicago Press, pp. 195–242.
Summers, L. H., 1986. Why is the unemployment rate so very high near full employment? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 17, 339–396.
Tasci, M., 2014. The ins and outs of unemployment in the long run: Unemployment flows and the natural rate, working paper.
- The Current Population Survey (CPS) reports the labor market status of the respondents each month that allows the BLS to compute important labor market statistics like the unemployment rate. In particular, in any given month a civilian can be in one of three labor force states: employed (E), unemployed (U), and not in the labor force (N) making it possible to compute monthly transition rates between three labor market states. We exploit the replication files of Barnichon and Mesters (2018) who provided a carefully computed estimates of labor market flows by age and gender.
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Tobin, J., 1974. Monetary policy in 1974 and beyond. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 5, 219–232.
- University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment The UM Consumer Sentiment survey (UM) is a survey of households which began in 1946. The survey queries respondents on a variety of subjects related to current conditions and expectations for the future. The questions range specific to the household along with national conditions. We use data on long-term inflation expectations from the survey. For more details on the survey see https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/research-and-data/ real-time-center/livingston-survey/livingston-documentation.pdf?la=en. For more details on the survey see https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/research-and-data/ real-time-center/survey-of-professional-forecasters/spf-documentation.pdf?la=en. C Additional Tables and Figures
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- We use the 1-2 quarter ahead and 3-4 quarter ahead forecasts which are available beginning in 1946.
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- Woodford, M., 2003. Interest and prices: foundations of a theory of monetary policy. Princeton University Press.
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Yun, T., 1996. Nominal price rigidity, money supply endogeneity, and business cycles. Journal of Monetary Economics 37, 345–370. .