_________. 1998. How Important Is Precautionary Saving? Review of Economics and Statistics 80(3): 410â419.
________. 1998. On the Importance of the Precautionary Saving Motive. American Economic Review 88(2): 449â453.
________. 2001. Death to the Log-Linearized Consumption Euler Equation! (And Very Poor Health to the Second-Order Approximation). Advances in Macroeconomics 1(1).
- ________. 2005. âHousehold Income Dynamics in Rural China.â In Insurance Against Poverty, edited by S. Dercon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
________. 2006. Confronting the Risk of Asset Loss: What Role do Livestock Transfers in Northern Kenya Play? Journal of Development Economics 81(2): 415â437.
- ________. 2006. Micro-Insurance: The Next Revolution? In Understanding Poverty, edited by A. Banerjee, R. Benabou, and D. Mookherjee. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
________. 2009. Theoretical Foundations of Buffer Stock Saving. Working paper. http://econ.jhu.edu/people/ccarroll/papers/BufferStockTheory Carroll, C., and M. Kimball. 2008. Precautionary Saving and Precautionary Wealth. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed., edited by S. Durlauf and L. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ________. 2010b. China Statistical Yearbook, 2010. [Zhongguo tong ji nian jian 2010.] National Bureau of Statistics Publishing House.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- ________. 2010c. Zhejiang Statistical Yearbook 2010. [Zhejiang tong ji nian jian 2010.] National Bureau of Statistics Publishing House.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Alderman, H., and C. Paxson. 1992. Do the Poor Insure? A Synthesis of the Literature on Risk and Consumption in Developing Countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series WPS 1008. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Arrondel, L. 2002. Risk Management and Wealth Accumulation Behavior in France. Economics Letters 74(2): 187â194.
Benjamin, D., L. Brandt, and J. Giles. 2005. The Evolution of Income Inequality in Rural China. Economic Development and Cultural Change 53(4): 769â824.
Browning, M., and A. Lusardi. 1996. Household Saving: Micro Theories and Micro Facts. Journal of Economic Literature 34(4): 1797â1855.
Cagetti, M. 2003. Wealth Accumulation over the Life Cycle and Precautionary Savings. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 21(3): 339â353.
Carroll, C., and A. Samwick. 1997. The Nature of Precautionary Wealth. Journal of Monetary Economics 40(1): 41â71.
Carroll, C., and L. Summers. 1991. Consumption Growth Parallels Income Growth: Some New Evidence. In National Saving and Economic Performance, edited by D. Bernheim and J. Shoven. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Carroll, C., and P. Toche. 2010. A Tractable Model of Buffer Stock Saving. Working Paper. http://econ.jhu.edu/people/ccarroll/papers/ctDiscrete.
Carroll, C., K. Dynan, and S. Krane. 2003. Unemployment Risk and Precautionary Wealth: Evidence from Households' Balance Sheets. Review of Economics and Statistics 85(3): 586â604.
- Carroll, C.1997. Buffer-Stock Saving and the Life Cycle/Permanent Income Hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(1): 1â55.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Chandrasekhar, A., C. Kinnan, and H. Larreguy. 2009. Does Savings Crowd out Informal Insurance? Evidence from a Lab Experiment in the Field. Working paper. http://ase.tufts.edu/econ/events/neudcDocs/SundaySession/Session25/AChandrasekharDoesSavingsCrowd Out.pdf Chen, K. Z. 1995. Precautionary Savings, Production, and Income Risk: Examinations of Theory and Policy, Doctoral Thesis submitted to the University of Guelph.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Chen, K. Z., K. Meilke, and C. Turvey. 1999. Income Risk and Farm Consumption Behavior. Agricultural Economics 20(2): 173â183.
Deaton, A. 1991. Saving and Liquidity Constraints. Econometrica 59(5): 1221-1248.
- Dercon, S. 2005. âRisk, Insurance, and Poverty: A Review.â In Insurance Against Poverty, edited by S. Dercon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Du, H., and X. Deng. 2005. Precautionary Saving with Liquidity Constraints and UncertaintyâAn Empirical Analysis of Chinese Rural and Urban Households. [Liu dong xing yue shu he bu que ding xing zhuang tai xia de yu fang xing chu xu yan jiuâzhong guo cheng xiang ju min de xiao fei te zheng fen xi] China Economic Quarterly [Jing ji xue (ji kan)] 4(2): 297316.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ersado, L., H. Alderman, and J. Alwang. 2003. Changes in Consumption and Saving Behavior Before and After Economic Shocks: Evidence from Zimbabwe. Economic Development and Cultural Change 52(1): 187ââ 215.
Fafchamps, M., C. Udry, and K. Czukas. 1998. Drought and Saving in West Africa: Are Livestock a Buffer Stock? Journal of Development Economics 55: 273â305.
Fuchs-Schundeln, N., and M. Schundeln. 2005. Precautionary Savings and Self-Selection: Evidence from the German Reunification 'Experiment'. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(3): 1085â1120.
Giles, J. 2006. Is Life More Risky in the Open? Household Risk-Coping and the Opening of China's Labor Markets. Journal of Development Economics 81: 25â60.
Giles, J., and K. Yoo. 2007. Precautionary Behavior, Migrant Networks, and Household Consumption Decisions: An Empirical Analysis Using Household Panel Data from Rural China. Review of Economics and Statistics 89(3): 534â551.
Gourinchas, P. O., and J. Parker. 2002. Consumption over the Life Cycle. Econometrica 70(1): 47â89.
Guiso, L., T. Jappelli, and D. Terlizzese. 1992. Earnings Uncertainty and Precautionary Saving.â Journal of Monetary Economics 30(19): 307â337.
Guvenen, F. 2007. Learning Your Earning: Are Labor Income Shocks Really Very Persistent? American Economic Review 97(3): 687â712.
Hall, R. 1978. Stochastic Implications of the Life Cycle-Permanent Income Hypothesis: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Political Economy 86(6): 971â987.
Hurst, E., A. Lusardi, A. Kennickell, and F. Torralba. 2010 The Importance of Business Owners in Assessing the Size of Precautionary Savings. Review of Economics and Statistics 92(1): 61â69.
- INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.ifpri.org IFPRI HEADQUARTERS 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA Tel.: +1-202-862-5600 Fax: +1-202-467-4439 Email: ifpri@cgiar.org IFPRI BEIJING Institute of Agricultural Economics, CAAS No. 176 mail box No. 12, Zhongguancun Nandajie Beijing, 10081 China Email: ifpri-Beijing@cgiar.org
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Jalan, J., and M. Ravallion. 2001. Behavioral Responses to Risk in Rural China. Journal of Development Economics 66(1): 23â50.
Kazarosian, M. 1997. Precautionary SavingsâA Panel Study. Review of Economics and Statistics 79(2): 241â 247.
Kazianga, H., and C. Udry. 2006. Consumption Smoothing? Livestock, Insurance and Drought in Rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Economics 79(2): 413â446.
- Kennickell, A., and A. Lusardi. 2004. Disentangling the Importance of the Precautionary Saving Motive. NBER Working Paper Series. http://www.nber.org/papers/w10888 Kraay, A. 2000. Household Saving in China. World Bank Economic Review 14(3): 545-570.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lee, J.-J., and Y. Sawada. 2009. Precautionary Saving under Liquidity Constraints: Evidence from Rural Pakistan. Journal of Development Economics 91(1): 77â86.
Leland, H. 1968. Saving and Uncertainty: The Precautionary Demand for Saving. Quarterly Journal of Economics 82(3): 465.
- Li, X., Q. Dong, Q.Liu, Y. Wang, and L. Han. 2007. The Minimal Life Guarantee (MLG) Policy: Implementation and Targeting in Rural Areas [Nong cun zui di sheng huo bao zhang zheng ce shi shi guo cheng ji miao zhun fen xi]. Issues in Agricultural Economy [Nong ye jing ji wen ti] 11: 29â33.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lim, Y., and R. Townsend. 1998. General Equilibrium Models of Financial Systems: Theory and Measurement in Village Economies. Review of Economic Dynamics 1: 59â118.
- Liu, Z., and S. Ma. 2007. Precautionary Saving of Chinaâs Farmers: A Panel Data Analysis. [Ji yu wei guan mian ban shu ju de zhong guo nong min yu fang xing chu xu yan jiu.] Journal of World Economy [Shi jie jing ji] 2: 40â49.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lu, M., H. Sato, and S. Zhang. 2008. Does Social Capital Help Households Cope with Natural Disaster During Marketization? Evidence from Rural China. Paper submitted to The Emergence of China and India in the Global Economy Conference, http://cep.lse.ac.uk/conference_papers/03_07_2 008/Lu_M.pdf.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lusardi, A. 1997. Precautionary Saving and Subjective Earnings Variance. Economics Letters 57(3): 319â326.
Manuel A. Hernandez, Raul Ibarra, and Danilo R. Trupkin, 2011. 1108. Prenatal seasonality, child growth, and schooling investments: Evidence from rural Indonesia. Futoshi Yamauchi, 2011. 1107. Collective Reputation, Social Norms, and Participation. Alexander Saak, 2011. 1106. Food security without food transfers?: A CGE analysis for Ethiopia of the different food security impacts of fertilizer subsidies and locally sourced food transfers. A. Stefano Caria, Seneshaw Tamru, and Gera Bizuneh, 2011. 1105. How do programs work to improve child nutrition?: Program impact pathways of three nongovernmental organization intervention projects in the Peruvian highlands. Sunny S. Kim, Jean-Pierre Habicht, Purnima Menon, and Rebecca J. Stoltzfus, 2011. .
McPeak, J. 2004. Contrasting Income Shocks with Asset Shocks: Livestock Sales in Northern Kenya. Oxford Economic Papers 56(2): 263â284.
Meng, X. 2003. Unemployment, Consumption Smoothing, and Precautionary Saving in Urban China. Journal of Comparative Economics 31: 465â485. Mogues, T. Forthcoming. Shocks and Asset Dynamics in Ethiopia. Economic Development and Cultural Change.
Morduch, J. 1995. Income Smoothing and Consumption Smoothing. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(3): 103â 114.
- Morten, M. 2010. Sending Home the Riches: Informal Risk Sharing Networks and Remittances. Working paper. http://mitsloan.mit.edu/neudc/papers/paper_107.pdf National Bureau of Statistics. 2010a. China Compendium of Statistics 1949â-2008. [Xin zhong guo liu shi nian tong ji zi liao hui bian 1949-2008.] National Bureau of Statistics Publishing House.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Paxson, C. 1992. Using Weather Variability to Estimate the Response of Savings to Transitory Income in Thailand. American Economic Review 82(1): 15â33.
Qian, Y. 1988. Urban and Rural Household Saving in China. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers 35(4): 592â627.
- RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For earlier discussion papers, please go to http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. All discussion papers can be downloaded free of charge. 1126. Climate risk management through sustainable land management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ephraim Nkonya, Frank Place, John Pender, Majaliwa Mwanjololo, Appollonia Okhimamhe, Edward Kato,Susana Crespo, Jupiter Ndjeunga, and Sibiry Traore, 2011. 1125. Evaluation of value-added agricultural advisory services: Case study of agriclinics in Southern India. Claire J.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Rosenzweig, M., and K. Wolpin. 1993. Credit Market Constraints, Consumption Smoothing, and the Accumulation of Durable Production Assets in Low-Income Countries: Investments in Bullocks in India. Journal of Political Economy 101(2): 223â244.
Shen, M., and E. Cheng. 2004. Restructuring Chinaâs Rural Financial System: Existing Approaches, Challenges, and the Future of Microfinance. A Background Paper Submitted to German Agency for Technical Cooperation. http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.26594/39.pdf Shen, M., J. Huang, L. Zhang, and S. Rozelle. 2010. Financial Reform and Transition in China: A Study of the Evolution of Banks in Rural China. Agricultural Finance Review 70(3): 305â332.
- Shi, J., and Z. Meng. 2003. Present Condition, Problem and Plan of Chinese Agriculture Insurance. [Wo guo nong ye bao xian xian zhuang, wen ti ji dui ce yan jiu.] Issues In Agricultural Economy [Nong ye jing ji wen ti] 9:45â49.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Udry, C. 1995. Risk and Saving in Northern Nigeria. American Economic Review 85(5): 1287â1300.
Verpoorten, M. 2009. Household Coping in War- and Peacetime: Cattle Sales in Rwanda, 1991â2001. Journal of Development Economics 88(1): 67â86.
Wagstaff, A., M. Lindelow, G. Jun, X. Ling, and Q. Juncheng. 2009. Extending Health Insurance to the Rural Population: An Impact Evaluation of Chinaâs New Cooperative Medical Scheme. Journal of Health Economics 28: 1â19.
- Wan, G., Q. Shi, and S. Tang. 2003. Saving Behavior in a Transition Economy: An Empirical Case Study of Rural China [Zhuan xing jing ji zhong nong hu chu xu xing wei: Zhong guo nong cun de shi zheng yan jiu.] Economic Research Journal [Jing ji yan jiu] 5: 3â12.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Zeldes, S. 1989. Optimal Consumption with Stochastic Income: Deviations from Certainty Equivalence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 104(2): 275â298.
Zhang, L., J. Huang, and S. Rozelle. 2002. Employment, Emerging Labor Markets, and the Role of Education in Rural China. China Economic Review 12: 313â328.
Zhang, Y., and G. Wan. 2004. Liquidity Constraint, Uncertainty, and Household Consumption in China. Applied Economics 36: 2221â2229.