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- Figure B.4: Pension Fund Investments and Innovation Outcomes, Additional Placebo Tests -.05 0 .05 .1 Effect -4-3 -2-1 Relative time to Pension Investment (a) Intensive Margin of Innovation (IHS) 0 .05 .1 Effect -5-4 -3-2 -1 Relative time to Pension Investment (b) Intensive Margin of Innovation (IHS) Note: The figure shows event time coefficients and 95% confidence intervals estimated using the algorithm developed in Sun and Abraham (2021). In both panels, the dependent variable is the IHS transformation of number of patent applications weighted by citations (intensive margin) in year t. The sample considers 476 distinct events of treatment and excludes from the estimations the period following the event (including the event year). Control variables include the firms’ productivity, capital intensity, share of female workers and share of tertiary educated workers.
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- Timing example Table A.1: Timing Example Original Data: Owner Owned Year Delivery Stake B A 2010 2011 0.5 B A 2011 2012 0.5 B A 2012 2013 0.5 B A 2013 2014 0.5 B A 2014 2015 0.5 C A 2012 2015 0.5 C A 2013 2015 0.5 C A 2014 2015 0.5 C A 2015 2016 0.5 C A 2016 2017 0.5 Final Panel Data: B A 2010 2011 0.5 B A 2011 2012 0.5 B A 2012 2013 0.5 B A 2013 2014 0.5 B A 2014 2015 0.5 C A 2014 2015 0.5 C A 2015 2016 0.5 C A 2016 2017 0.5 Table A.1 serves as an illustrative example to clarify the issue discussed in Step 5. In the data delivery from 2015, Firm C is retroactively identified as an owner of Firm A, with ownership dating back to 2012. However, data deliveries prior to 2015 indicate that Firm B was the sole owner of Firm A up until 2014. The 2015 delivery, therefore, contains retroactive updates to the ownership structure of Firm A. Incorporating this updated information would introduce survival bias, as such updates are only made for firms that remain active.
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