Abouk, R. and Adams, S. (2013). Texting bans and fatal accidents on roadways: do they work? Or do drivers just react to announcements of bans? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(2):179–99.
Amez, S. and Baert, S. (2020). Smartphone use and academic performance: A literature review. International Journal of Educational Research, 103:101618.
Angrist, J. and Lavy, V. (2002). New evidence on classroom computers and pupil learning. The Economic Journal, 112(482):735–765.
Bailey, M. J. and Goodman-Bacon, A. (2015). The War on Poverty’s experiment in public medicine: Community health centers and the mortality of older Americans. American Economic Review, 105(3):1067–1104.
- Bakken, A. (2019). Ungdata 2019. Nasjonale resultater. NOVA Rapport 9/19. NOVA, OsloMet.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Bakken, A. (2022). Ungdata 2022. Nasjonale resultater. NOVA Rapport 5/22. NOVA, OsloMet.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Banerjee, A. V., Cole, S., Duflo, E., and Linden, L. (2007). Remedying education: Evidence from two randomized experiments in India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3):1235–1264.
Barrow, L., Markman, L., and Rouse, C. E. (2009). Technology’s edge: The educational benefits of computer-aided instruction. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 1(1):52–74.
Beland, L.-P. and Murphy, R. (2016). Ill Communication: Technology, distraction & student performance. Labour Economics, 41:61–76.
Beneito, P. and Vicente-Chirivella, Ó. (2022). Banning mobile phones in schools: evidence from regional-level policies in spain. Applied Economic Analysis.
- Beneitoa, P. and Vicente-Chirivellab, O. (2020). Banning mobile phones at schools: Effects on bullying and academic performance.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bharadwaj, P., De Giorgi, G., Hansen, D. R., and Neilson, C. (2015). The gender gap in mathematics: evidence from a middle-income country. FRB of New York Staff Report, (721).
Björklund, A. and Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Education and family background: Mechanisms and policies. In Handbook of the Economics of Education, volume 3, pages 201–247. Elsevier.
Blau, F. D. and Kahn, L. M. (2000). Gender differences in pay. Journal of Economic perspectives, 14(4):75–100.
Braghieri, L., Levy, R., and Makarin, A. (2022). Social media and mental health. American Economic Review, 112(11):3660–3693.
Burke, M. A. and Sass, T. R. (2013). Classroom peer effects and student achievement. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(1):51–82.
- Buser, T., Niederle, M., and Oosterbeek, H. (2014). Gender, competitiveness, and career choices. The quarterly journal of economics, 129(3):1409–1447.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bütikofer, A., Ginja, R., Landaud, F., and Løken, K. V. (2020). School selectivity, peers, and mental health. NHH Dept. of Economics Discussion Paper, (21).
- Campbell, O. L., Bann, D., and Patalay, P. (2021). The gender gap in adolescent mental health: a cross-national investigation of 566,829 adolescents across 73 countries. SSMpopulation health, 13:100742.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Carlana, M. (2019). Implicit stereotypes: Evidence from teachers’ gender bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3):1163–1224.
- Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., and Barnett, S. M. (2009). Women’s underrepresentation in science: sociocultural and biological considerations. Psychological bulletin, 135(2):218.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Currie, J., Stabile, M., Manivong, P., and Roos, L. L. (2010). Child health and young adult outcomes. Journal of Human resources, 45(3):517–548.
Dahl, G. B. and Lochner, L. (2012). The impact of family income on child achievement: Evidence from the earned income tax credit. American Economic Review, 102(5):1927– 1956.
Donati, D., Durante, R., Sobbrio, F., and Zejcirovic, D. (2022). Lost in the net? broadband internet and youth mental health. Broadband Internet and Youth Mental Health (March 2022).
Drydakis, N. (2014). Bullying at school and labour market outcomes. International Journal of Manpower.
Escueta, M., Quan, V., Nickow, A. J., and Oreopoulos, P. (2017). Education technology: An evidence-based review. Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Figure A2: Proportion of Population Covered by a Mobile Network 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year 2G 3G 4G Source: SDG Indicators, United Nations Statistics Division, own calculations.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Fredriksson, P., Öckert, B., and Oosterbeek, H. (2013). Long-term effects of class size. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1):249–285.
Fryer Jr, R. G. and Levitt, S. D. (2010). An empirical analysis of the gender gap in mathematics. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(2):210–240.
- Gini, G. and Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 123(3):1059–1065.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Glass, A. L. and Kang, M. (2019). Dividing attention in the classroom reduces exam performance. Educational Psychology, 39(3):395–408.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Goodman, A., Joyce, R., and Smith, J. P. (2011). The long shadow cast by childhood physical and mental problems on adult life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(15):6032–6037.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Hall, C., Lundin, M., and Sibbmark, K. (2019). A laptop for every child? The impact of ICT on educational outcomes. Technical report.
Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Woessmann, L., and Zhang, L. (2017). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the lifecycle. Journal of human resources, 52(1):48–87.
- Helfo (2023). The right to a doctor. https://www.helsenorge.no/en/gp/about-gp/ the-right-to-a-doctor/. Accessed: 13.12.2023.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Jepsen, C. (2015). Class size: does it matter for student achievement? IZA World of Labor.
Joensen, J. S. and Nielsen, H. S. (2009). Is there a causal effect of high school math on labor market outcomes? Journal of Human Resources, 44(1):171–198.
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2017). How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity?: an evidencefocused literature review.
Kessel, D., Hardardottir, H. L., and Tyrefors, B. (2020). The impact of banning mobile phones in Swedish secondary schools. Economics of Education Review, 77:102009.
- Krueger, A. B. (2002). Understanding the magnitude and effect of class size on student achievement. The class size debate, pages 7–35.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lavy, V. (2008). Do gender stereotypes reduce girls’ or boys’ human capital outcomes? Evidence from a natural experiment. Journal of public Economics, 92(10-11):2083–2105.
- Liao, M. and Sundar, S. S. (2022). Sound of silence: Does muting notifications reduce phone use? Computers in Human Behavior, 134:107338.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lundborg, P., Nilsson, A., and Rooth, D.-O. (2014). Adolescent health and adult labor market outcomes. Journal of Health Economics, 37:25–40.
- Machin, S. and Pekkarinen, T. (2008). Global sex differences in test score variability. Science, 322(5906):1331–1332.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Medietilsynet (2020). BARN OG MEDIER 2020. Om sosiale medier og skadelig innhold på nett Delrapport 1, 11. februar 2020. pages 1–26.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Mendoza, J. S., Pody, B. C., Lee, S., Kim, M., and McDonough, I. M. (2018). The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia. Computers in Human Behavior, 86:52–60.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD (2013). PISA 2012 Results: Ready to Learn: Students’ Engagement, Drive and Self-Beliefs (Volume III): Preliminary Version. OECD, Paris, France.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD (2018). Children Young People’s Mental Health in the Digital Age: Shaping the Future. OECD Publishing.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- OECD (2019). What do we know about children and technology? OECD Publishing.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Pekkarinen, T. (2012). Gender differences in education. Nordic Economic Policy Review, 1(1):165–194.
- Rana, N. P., Slade, E., Kitching, S., and Dwivedi, Y. K. (2019). The IT way of loafing in class: Extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to understand students’ cyberslacking intentions. Computers in Human Behavior, 101:114–123.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Rees, D. I., Sabia, J. J., and Kumpas, G. (2022). Anti-bullying laws and suicidal behaviors among teenagers. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 41(3):787–823.
Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Social science & medicine, 90:24–31.
- Roth, J., Sant’Anna, P. H., Bilinski, A., and Poe, J. (2023). What’s trending in differencein -differences? a synthesis of the recent econometrics literature. Journal of Econometrics.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Røsvik, S. (2010). Learning and teaching in a digital society with digital tools. ICT in Teacher Education, page 98.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., and Hasebrink, U. (2020). Eu kids online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Smith, T. S., Isaak, M. I., Senette, C. G., and Abadie, B. G. (2011). Effects of cell-phone and text-message distractions on true and false recognition. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(6):351–358.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Terrier, C. (2020). Boys lag behind: how teachers’ gender biases affect student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 77:101981.
- The Norwegian Directorate of Health (2023). The school health service. https://www.helsenorge.no/en/help-services-in-the-municipalities/ school-health-service/. Accessed: 13.12.2023.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Twenge, J. M. (2019). More time on technology, less happiness? associations between digital-media use and psychological well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4):372–379.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Utdanningsdirektoratet (2019b). Lærernormen i grunnskolen. https://www.udir.no/tall-og-forskning/finn-forskning/tema/ hvordan-gar-det-med-norm-for-larertetthet/#. Accessed: 16.08.2020.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Utdanningsdirektoratet (2020a). Elevundersøkelsen. https://www.udir.no/ tall-og-forskning/brukerundersokelser/elevundersokelsen/. Accessed: 05.04.2020.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Utdanningsdirektoratet (2020b). Opplæringslova. https://bit.ly/3h7Flcj. Accessed: 05.04.2020.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Utdanningsdirektoratet (2023). Utdanningsspeilet 2021. https://www.udir.no/ tall-og-forskning/publikasjoner/utdanningsspeilet/utdanningsspeilet-2021/ vgo2/. Accessed: 13.12.2023.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Van Geel, M., Vedder, P., and Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. JAMA pediatrics, 168(5):435–442.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- WHO (2021). Mental health of adolescents. https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health. Accessed: 12.12.2023.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Wolke, D., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., and Costello, E. J. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological science, 24(10):1958–1970.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now