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- Figure 11: External validity: Global tourism activity using Tripadvisor data 0 50 100 150 200 250 No. reviews (in 1000s) 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Panel A - Number of reviews .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 Share foreign tourists 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Panel B - Share of foreign tourists 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Distance 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Panel C - Distance travelled 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4 Rating 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Panel D - Ratings Notes: This Figures shows different measures of tourism activity using the global sample of attractions. Panel A shows the evolution in the number of reviews, Panel B the share of foreign tourists, Panel C the travel distance and Panel D the ratings. Source: Own data collected from Tripadvisor (see Section 3 for details).
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- Figure 6: Travel distance to attractions and Stringency Index by country 0 20 40 60 80 Stringency index 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Travel distance (km) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Travel distance Stringency index Panel A - Denmark 0 20 40 60 80 Stringency index 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Travel distance (km) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Travel distance Stringency index Panel B - France 0 20 40 60 80 Stringency index 1000 2000 3000 4000 Travel distance (km) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Travel distance Stringency index Panel C - Spain Notes: This Figure shows the evolution of the distance travelled to attractions together with the stringency index. Panel A, shows the travel distance for Danish attractions, Panel B for French attractions and Panel C for Spanish attractions. Source: Own data collected from Tripadvisor (see Section 3 for details) and the stringency index from the Oxford Government Response Tracker.
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- Figure A10: Validity test: Monthly correlation between occupancy rates and number of reviews 0 50 100 150 200 250 No. reviews (in 1000s) 0 20 40 60 80 Occupancy rate (%) Panel A - Total 0 2 4 6 8 10 No. reviews (in 1000s) 0 20 40 60 80 Occupancy rate (%) Panel B - Denmark 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 No. reviews (in 1000s) 0 20 40 60 80 Occupancy rate (%) Panel C - France 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 No. reviews (in 1000s) 0 20 40 60 80 Occupancy rate (%) Panel D - Spain Notes: This Figure shows binned scatter plots of the occupancy rates taken from Eurostat and the number of Tripadvisor reviews. Panel A uses the entire sample, while Panels B-D by country. The correlation coefficient corresponding to the correlation in Panel A is 0.039, in panel B it is 0.041, in Panel C it is 0.063 and in Panel D it is 0.038.Source: Official tourism statistics from Eurostat (2022) and own data collected from Tripadvisor (see Section 3 for details).
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- No. reviews (in 1000s) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Domestic Foreign Stringency index Panel A - Denmark 0 20 40 60 80 Stringency index 0 20 40 60 80 No. reviews (in 1000s) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Domestic Foreign Stringency index Panel B - France 0 20 40 60 80 Stringency index 0 10 20 30 40 50 No. reviews (in 1000s) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 2021m1 2022m1 Month Domestic Foreign Stringency index Panel C - Spain Notes: This Figure shows the evolution of the number of reviews written by domestic and foreign tourists over time together with the stringency index. Panel A, shows the number of reviews for Danish attractions, Panel B for French attractions and Panel C for Spanish attractions. Source: Own data collected from Tripadvisor (see Section 3 for details) and the stringency index from the Oxford Government Response Tracker.
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