- *A provision to reduce the medical deduction from $35 to $25 was repealed in OBRA and never implemented. 80 TABLE E.3E SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Accounting Period, Categorical Eligibility Legislation Accounting Period Categorical Eligibility Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88-525) Prospective month Public assistance households automatically eligible Food Stamp Act of 1977 (PL 95-113) Effective 1/1/79 Prospective month Public assistance households not automatically eligible Food Stamp Amendments of 1979 and 1980 (PL 96-58 and PL 96-249) State option to use prospective or retrospective with monthly report.
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- *There are breaks in the time series in 1994 and 1999 due to revisions in the methodology for determining eligibility.
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- A reduction in the maximum benefit between 1992 and 1993 was prevented by an amendment to the Food Stamp Act of 1977 P.L. 102-351). 95
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- Additional vehicle rule expansions began in July 2001, when States were permitted to align their FSP vehicle rules with rules in place for other programs, such as TANF or child care assistance. In response to this new flexibility, States began gradually changing their vehicle rules. Additional States used broader categorical eligibility rules to exempt more households from the asset test. By the end of FY 2005, all but 2 States had implemented changes in the FSP vehicle rules.
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- Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106-387) No Change Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Restored eligibility to qualified noncitizens who are otherwise eligible for the FSP and who: are receiving disability benefits regardless of date of entry (effective FY 2003); are under 18 regardless of date of entry (effective FY 2004); or have lived in the U.S. for 5 years as a qualified noncitizen (effective April 2003). 83 TABLE E.3H SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Other Changes Legislation Other Changes Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88-525) Nationwide program Food Stamp Act of 1977 (PL 95-113) Effective 1/1/79 Eliminated purchase requirement Food Stamp Amendments of 1979 and 1980 (PL 96-58 and PL 96-249) Increased State incentives for reducing error. SSNs required. Limits on eligible students; residents of shelters for battered women and disabled in small groups may participate. Established Quality Control system.
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- Amendments to FACTA of 1991 All Title IV payments and Bureau of Indian Affairs educational assistance excluded from food stamp countable income (Higher Education Amendments of 1992 (PL 102-325)).
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- Amendments to FACTA of 1991 No Change No Change The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) No Change No Change PRWORA (PL 104-193) No Change No Change BBA (PL 105-33) No Change No Change AREERA (PL 105-185) No Change No Change Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106-387) No Change No Change Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 No Change No Change 81 TABLE E.3F SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Work Registration Requirements and Time Limits Legislation Work Registration Requirements and Time Limits Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88525) Required work registration and employment as a condition of eligibility for able-bodied adults between 18 and 65 years except for individuals with responsibility for care of a dependent child or of an incapacitated adult; students; or persons employed 30 hours/week.
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- Amendments to FACTA of 1991 No Change The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) Earnings of students excluded from income through age 21. Excluded as income 100% of vendor payments made to transitional housing facilities on behalf of homeless households and GA vendor payments for utility-cost assistance.
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- Amendments to FACTA of 1991 Same limits. Asset holding of AFDC and SSI recipients not counted.
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- APPENDIX B CHANGE IN INDIVIDUAL FSP PARTICIPATION RATES, 1988 This page has been intentionally left blank for double-sided copying.
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- APPENDIX E ECONOMIC AND POLICY INFLUENCES ON THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM This page has been intentionally left blank for double-sided copying. 73 TABLE E.1 SUMMARY OF MAJOR INFLUENCES ON FSP PARTICIPATION RATES, 1976-2005 Period of Change Major Influences Effect on Number of Participants and Eligible Individuals Participation Rate Change 1976 to 1978 Rising inflation and strengthening economy Almost no change in participants. Substantial decrease in eligible individuals.
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Barrett, Allison and Anni Poikolainen. “Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: 2004.†Alexandria, VA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, 2006.
- BBA (PL 105-33) No Change AREERA (PL 105-185) No Change Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106-387) Increased the excess shelter cap to $340 in fiscal year 2001 and then indexed the cap to changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Consumers each year beginning in fiscal year 2002.
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- BBA (PL 105-33) No Change AREERA (PL 105-185) No Change Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106387) Allowed States to use the vehicle limit they use in a TANF assistance program, if it would be result in a lower attribution of resources for the household.
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- BBA (PL 105-33) No Change AREERA (PL 105-185) Restored eligibility to permanent resident aliens lawfully in the United States on August 22, 1996 and disabled, blind, or under age 18, or were 65 or older on August 22, 1996. Extended eligibility for refugees, asylees, and deportees from 5 to 7 years after entering the United States.
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- BBA (PL 105-33) None AREERA (PL 105-185) None Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106-387) None Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Allowed States to offer transitional food stamp benefits for up to 5 months after households lose TANF cash assistance and allowed States to extend semiannual reporting of changes to all households not exempt from periodic reporting. This page has been intentionally left blank for double-sided copying. APPENDIX F CHANGES IN THE MARCH CPS OVER TIME This page has been intentionally left blank for double-sided copying. 87 TABLE F.1 CHANGES IN THE MARCH CPS OVER TIME March Year Data Year Changes in Design or Weighting From Previous Year 78 77 None 79 78 Changes in metro/nonmetro definitions. New, more detailed income questions were introduced for 2 rotation groups. 80 79 Definition of adult changed from age 14 to age 15. New concept of families and headship status. New income questions were introduced for all rotation groups.
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- Categorical eligibility for pure AFDC or SSI households. 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 100-77) Exempted seasonal farm workers and households in which all members are homeless from monthly reporting requirements.
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Cunnyngham, Karen. “Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: 2003.†Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, 2005.
Cunnyngham, Karen. “Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: 1999 to 2001.†Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, 2003.
Cunnyngham, Karen. “Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: 1999 to 2002.†Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, 2004.
- Down 2 point 1995 to 1996 Improving economy No change in eligible individuals, decrease in participants.
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- Down 2 points 1999 to 2000 Welfare reform, improving economy Decrease in participants and eligible individuals. Larger decrease in participants.
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- Down 3 points 1982 to 1984 Economic recovery Slight decrease in both participants and eligible individuals.
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- Down 3 points 1996 to 1997 Welfare reform, improving economy Large decrease in participants and eligible individuals. Larger decrease in participants.
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- Down 3 points 2001 to 2002 Increased asset eligibility, increased poverty Large increase in participants and eligible individuals. Larger increase in participants.
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- Down 4 points 1986 to 1988 Growth in economy Small decrease in participants and eligible individuals.
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- Down 4 points 1998 to 1999 Welfare reform, improving economy Decrease in participants and eligible individuals. Larger decrease in participants.
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- Down 5 points 1997 to 1998 Welfare reform, improving economy Large decrease in participants and eligible individuals. Larger decrease in participants.
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- Expansions in FSP vehicle rules were gradually implemented across States throughout 2001 and 2002. Regulations implemented in January 2001 exclude from the asset test the value of vehicles with equity less than $1,500 and the value of vehicles used to produce income, used as a 50 home, used to transport a disabled household member, or used to carry fuel or water. In addition, for each adult household member, one vehicle not totally excluded is exempt from the equity test and instead counted at the fair market value (FMV) in excess of $4,650. One additional vehicle per minor household member that is driven by the minor to work, school, or training is also counted at the vehicle’s FMV in excess of $4,650.
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- FACTA (PL 102-237) No Change Amendments to FACTA of 1991 No Change The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) Increased cap on shelter deductions for all households to $231 after 7/1/94 and to $247 after 10/1/95. Raised the dependent care deduction cap to $200 a month for each child under the age of 2 and $175 a month for all other dependents. PRWORA (PL 104-193) Standard deduction frozen at current levels. Raised excess shelter deduction to $250 on 1/1/97, to $275 on 10/1/98, to $300 on 10/1/00.
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- Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Changed standard deduction to vary according to household size and be adjusted annually for cost-of-living increases, allowed States to simplify the SUA if they elect to use the SUA rather than actual utility costs for all households, and allowed States to use a standard deduction of $143 per month for homeless households with some shelter expenses.
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- Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Increased the resource limit for households with a disabled member from $2,000 to $3,000. 78 TABLE E.3C SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Benefits Legislation Maximum Benefit Minimum Benefit Benefit Reduction Rate Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88-525) Thrifty Food Plan. Indexed since 1971, indexed semiannually from 1973-1979 based on BLS food price index. Minimum benefit varied by household size. Basis of issuance tables (average 30% above lowest levels).
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- Food Stamp Act of 1977 (PL 95-113) Effective 1/1/79 $1,750; $3,000 for elderly household of at least 2 persons. Excluded first $4,500 of the Fair Market Value for vehicles.
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- Food Stamp Act of 1977 (PL 95-113) Effective 1/1/79 Lowered age for individuals required to work from 65 to 60 years; added job search as a work requirement; lowered age for caretaker exemption from 18 to 12 years.
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- Food Stamp Act of 1977 (PL 95-113) Effective 1/1/79 Net income had to be less than or equal to the poverty line.
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- Food Stamp Act of 1977 (PL 95-113) Effective 1/1/79 Standard $60. Indexed semi-annually to CPI nonfood components. 20% of earnings; child care up to $75; shelter in excess of 50% of net not to exceed $80 in combination with child care. Limit indexed annually in July based on shelter-fuel-utilities component of the CPI.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1979 and 1980 (PL 96-58 and PL 96-249) $1,500; $3,000 for elderly household of at least 2 persons. Excluded vehicles used for handicapped.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1979 and 1980 (PL 96-58 and PL 96-249) 1980 Act: standard deduction and shelter/child care cap indexed annually in Jan. based on Sept./Sept. change; 1979 Act: elderly and disabled not subjected to the shelter deduction maximum and allowed medical expenses over $35.* OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/98 18% of earnings, shelter/child care cap set at $115 with next inflation adjustment on 7/1/83, then 10/1/84 and each October thereafter.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1979 and 1980 (PL 96-58 and PL 96-249) Excluded energy assistance as income. Included income of ineligible aliens less prorated share.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1979 and 1980 (PL 96-58 and PL 96-249) No requirement OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/98 Applied disqualification for voluntarily quitting a job to participants as well as applicants; lowered age for caretaker exemption to 6 years old.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97-253) Effective 10-82 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84-473) No disqualifications 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99-198) Effective 5-86 No disqualifications 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 10077) No disqualifications Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100435) No disqualifications FACTA (PL 102-237) No disqualifications Amendments to FACTA of 1991 No disqualifications The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) No disqualifications PRWORA (PL 104-193) Permanent resident aliens disqualified unless they have 40 quarters of qualified work history in the United States, are currently or were formerly members of the U.S. Armed Forces. Members of their family also exempt. Refugees, asylees, and deportees eligible for 5 years after entering the United States.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97-253) Effective 10-82 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84-473) Nonelderly and nondisabled subjected to both net and gross income limits. 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99-198) Effective 5-86 Minor changes in treatment of income. 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 100-77) Moved annual adjustment in income eligibility guidelines to October 1 of each year from July 1.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97-253) Effective 10-82 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84-473) Replaced three-tiered incentive system with increased administrative funding for States with error rates below 5%, limited student eligibility, benefits rounded down, job search requirements, Puerto Rico cashout prohibited. Household unit definition altered. No initial month benefits less than $10. SSU and SS COLA adjustments disregarded up to 3 months. New definition of disabled. 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99-198) Effective 5-86 New definition of disabled, Puerto Rico block grant funds, students in JTPA exempt from categorical restriction; residents of publicly operated mental health centers may participate. 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 100-77) Outreach efforts for homeless persons and other hard-to-serve groups. Simplified application process for these groups. Expanded eligibility for expedited source.
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- Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97253) Effective 10-82 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84-473) Standard deduction raised to $89. Next inflation adjustment delayed until 10/1/83. Limited use of standard utility expense allowances. 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99-198) Effective 5-86 20% of earnings; separate cap on shelter deduction of $147, with indexed increases; separate cap on dependent care of $160, not indexed. 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 100-77) Increased cap on shelter deduction for all households certified after 10/1/87.
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- For years prior to 2005, we modeled these rule changes by estimating asset imputation equations at 2 points in time. For instance, for FY 2004, the first set of equations simulates FSP asset rules in place in October 2003 and is used to simulate the first half of 2004. The second set of equations simulates asset rules in place in September 2004 and is used to simulate the second half of 2004. For each time period, we model 20 different vehicle rules to fully capture Statelevel differences. For FY 2005, since there were no vehicle rule changes during the fiscal year, we model one set of equations to capture the 20 different vehicle rules.
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- FSP Participation Rate (right scale) Poverty Rate (left scale) Unemployment Rate (left scale) Rate * * 76 TABLE E.3A SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Income Limits Legislation Income Limits Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88525) Net income had to be less than or equal to the maximum food stamp net income which was tied to the maximum coupon allotment.
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- Historically, the trends identified through the CPS-based data have been consistent with those identified through SIPP-based data (Figure C.1). The change in methodology implemented in the August 1995 report shifted the CPS-based rates up, so that both the trend and the level of the CPS-based rates are more in line with the SIPP-based rates.
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- Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100-435) Expanded the definition of disabled. Excluded advanced EITC payments as income. FACTA (PL 102-237) Rules for student eligibility modified.
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- Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100-435) No Change Farm, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 and 1991 (FACTA) (PL 102-237) Certain types of educational assistance not counted as income.
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- Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100435) Dependent care deduction increased to $160 per month per dependent, rather than per household.
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- Large increase in participants Up 5 points 2004 to 2005 Increased outreach Increase in participants, decrease in eligible individuals.
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- No Change 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99-198) Effective 5-86 Retrospective budgeting and monthly reporting required for households with earnings or work history except migrant farmers and elderly or disabled.
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- No change 1988 to 1990 Medicaid expansion, Homeless Assistance Act, IRCA, worsening economy Increase in participants. Small decrease in eligible individuals.
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- No Change Amendments to FACTA of 1991 No Change No Change No Change The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) No Change No Change No Change PRWORA (PL 104-193) Reduced to 100% of Thrifty Food Plan for Continental U.S. and District of Columbia; Alaska and Hawaii remained at 1996 levels. Removed requirement for indexing of minimum benefit.
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- No Change BBA (PL 105-33) No Change No Change No Change AREERA (PL 105-185) No Change No Change No Change Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106-387) No Change No Change No Change Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 No Change No Change No Change 79 TABLE E.3D SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Deductions Legislation Deductions Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88-525) Payroll; 10% of earnings up to $30; child care; education; medical over $10; alimony or child support; casualty losses; shelter in excess of 30% of net income.
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- No Change Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97-253) Effective 10-82 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84473) Migrant workers, elderly and disabled households with no earnings exempt from monthly reporting.
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- No Change Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100-435) No Change No Change FACTA (PL 102-237) No Change Expanded categorical eligibility to recipients of certain State and local general assistance payments.
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- No Change No Change 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99198) Effective 5-86 No Change No Change No Change 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 100-77) No Change No Change No Change Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100-435) Incremental indexing to 103% of Thrifty Food Plan by FY 1991 and thereafter. No Change No Change FACTA (PL 102-237) No Change Required annual adjustments to the $10 minimum benefit.
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- No Change No Change Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97-253) Effective 1082 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84-473) Indexed to 99% of Thrifty Food Plan cost. Changed back to 100% by PL 98-473. Last step in benefit calculation rounded down.
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- No Change No Change OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/98 Indexing frozen until 7/1/83, next adjustment 10/1/84 based on June cost of Plan components.
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- No Change OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/98 Retrospective becomes mandatory 10/1/83 for some households, prospective for others.
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- Number Standard Error Number 69 TABLE D.1 Standard Error Participants Eligibles SAMPLING ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED PARTICIPATION RATES, FISCAL YEAR 2005 Participation Rate with 90% Confidence Interval This page has been intentionally left blank for double-sided copying.
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- OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/81 Tightened definition of household, no extra benefits for strikers, prorated first month benefits. Replaced the FSP with a block grant Nutrition Assistance Program for Puerto Rico.
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- OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/98 Gross income had to be less than or equal to 130% of the poverty line, except for elderly and disabled, who kept previous net income limit.
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- OBRA of 1981 (PL 86-35) and Food Stamp Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1981 (PL97-98) Effective 10/1/98 No Change Food Stamp Amendments of 1982 (PL 97-253) Effective 10-82 and Continuing Resolution of 1984 (PL 84-473) State option to waive asset test for pure AFDC households passing gross income test. IRA KEOGH accounts counted as assets. 1985 Food Security Act (PL 99-198) Effective 586 $2,000; $3,000 for households with elderly member(s) (including one-person households). Changed definition of countable resources. 1987 Homeless Assistance Act (PL 100-77) No Change Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 (PL 100-435) No Change FACTA (PL 102-237) Non-liquid resources and those exempted by AFDC and SSI are not counted.
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- Poverty Line Net Income Eligibility <= Poverty Line Asset Eligibility $1,500; $3,000 for elderly households with 2 or more members $2000; $3000 for elderly households Minimum Benefit $10 for 1 and 2 person households; $0 for all others Eligibility of Pure PA Households No Automatic Eligibility Automatically Eligible Benefit Calculation Benefit =
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- Poverty Line Net Income Eligibility <= Poverty Line Asset Eligibility $2000; $3000 for elderly households Benefit Reduction Rate 0.3 Minimum Benefit $10 for 1 and 2 person households; $0 for all others Eligibility of Pure PA Households Automatically Eligible (AFDC or SSI) Automatically Eligible (AFDC, SSI, or GA) Benefit Calculation Benefit =
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- Poverty Line Net Income Eligibility <= Poverty Line Asset Eligibility $2000; $3000 for elderly households Minimum Benefit $10 for 1 and 2 person households; $0 for all others Eligibility of Pure PA Households Automatically Eligible (AFDC/TANF, SSI, or GA) Benefit Calculation Benefit =
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- Puerto Rico is excluded from data for 1976 and 1978 in order to be consistent with other years, and Guam and the Virgin Islands are excluded for all years. a
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- The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) (PL 105-33) No Change Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 (AREERA) (PL 105-185) No Change Agriculture Appropriations Act of 2001 (PL 106-387) No Change Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 State options to exclude certain types of income that are not counted under the State’s TANF cash assistance or Medicaid programs and to treat legally obligated child support payments to a non-household member as an income exclusion rather than a deduction. 77 TABLE E.3B SELECTED FEATURES OF THE FSP UNDER PAST AND CURRENT LEGISLATION Asset Limits Legislation Asset Limits Food Stamp Act of 1964 as Amended (PL 88-525) $1,500; $3,000 for elderly household of at least 2 persons. Excluded vehicles used for employment or handicapped transportation.
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- The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) Raised the vehicle Fair Market Value asset limit to $4,550 on 9/1/94, to $4,600 on 10/1/95, and $5,000 on 10/1/96 with annual cost-of-living adjustments thereafter. Excluded vehicles necessary to carry food or water. PRWORA (PL 104-193) Vehicle Fair Market Value asset limit raised to $4,650, with no planned future cost-of-living adjustments.
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- The Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act of 1993 (PL 103-66) Simplified the household definition by allowing persons who live together but do not purchase and prepare food together to be in separate food stamp units. Spouses must still be in the same household. Effective 9/1/94. PRWORA (PL 104-193) Children under age 22 living with parents must apply as part of the parents’ household even if the child is married or has children of his/her own.
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- The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) (PL 104-193) Earnings of students excluded from income through age 17.
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- There are two estimates for 1994 due to revised methodologies for determining food stamp eligibility and for determining the number of participants. The original estimate is used for the change between 1993 and 1994, while the revised estimate is used for the change between 1994 and 1995. Change in Eligible Individuals b
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To prepare the 2005 file, we updated the data to March 2006 CPS, and updated the food stamp eligibility parameters and rules to FY 2005. In summary, we made the following parameter and eligibility rule changes in the 2005 eligibility file: • Updated the FSP gross income screen, net income screen, and maximum benefit amounts to reflect the implementation of FY 2005 FSP regulations 12 In California, SSI recipients are ineligible for the FSP because they receive cash instead of food stamps.
- Up 1 point 1993 to 1994 Improving economy No change in participants. Small drop in eligible individuals.
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- Up 1 point 1994 to 1995 Improving economy Decrease in eligible individuals. Relatively larger decrease in participants.
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- Up 17 points 1980 to 1982 Recession Almost no change in participants. Substantial increase in eligible individuals.
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- Up 2 points 1992 to 1993 Improving economy Increase in participants. Smaller percent increase in eligible individuals.
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- Up 3 points 1991 to 1992 Continued Medicaid expansion, recession Increase in participants. Smaller percent increase in eligible individuals.
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- Up 6 points 1990 to 1991 Continued Medicaid expansion, recession Increase in participants. Smaller percent increase in eligible individuals.
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- Up 7 points 1978 to 1980 Food Stamp Act of 1977 Substantial increase in participants. Decrease in eligible individuals.
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- Up less than 1 point 2002 to 2003 Increased outreach, increased eligibility for noncitizens, increased poverty Increase in both participants and eligible individuals. Up 2 points 2003 to 2004 Increased outreach, increased poverty Increase in both participants and eligible individuals.
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- We allow qualified noncitizens age 18 and over who have been in the country for at least 5 years to be eligible in 2005. We allow qualified noncitizens under age 18 or who are receiving disability benefits to be eligible in 2005, regardless of year of entry.
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- We also use CPS year-of-arrival information and data from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to estimate the percentage of noncitizens who were admitted as refugees by year of entry. Using these estimates in our 2005 eligibility determination, we assume 14 percent of noncitizens who entered the United States in 2000 or 2001, 7 percent who entered in 2002 or 2003, and 8 percent who entered in 2004 or 2005 were admitted as refugees. We allow refugees who have been in the United States for 7 years or less to be eligible in 2005.
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