- 14(2), pages 248-261, April Redding, Stephen (2014), Goods Trade, Factor Mobility and Welfare, Princeton University working paper.
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- ABAG (2013), “Bay Area Plan.†Ahlfeldt, Redding, Sturm and Wol, “The Economics of Density: Evidence from the Berlin Wallâ€, Econometrica, 2014.
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- Albouy, David, “Are Big Cities Bad Places to Live? Estimating Quality of Life across Metropolitan Areasâ€, mimeo, 2012.
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Atkeson, Andrew Aubhik Khan and Lee Ohanian Are Data on Industry Evolution and Job Turnover Relevant for Macroeconomics?, Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, vol. 44, June (1996), pp. 215-250.
- Au Chun-Chung and Vernon Henderson (2006a), Are Chinese Cities Too Small? Review of Economic Studies, 73 (3): pp. 549-576.
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- Au Chun-Chung and Vernon Henderson “How Migration Restrictions Limit Agglomeration and Productivity in China,†Journal of Economic Development, 2006b, 80, 350-388.
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- Avent, Ryan (2011), The Gated City, Kindle Edition.
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Barro, Robert and Xavier Sala-i-Martin Convergence across States and Regions, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, no. 1, 1991.
- Barro, Robert and Xavier Sala-i-Martin Convergence, Journal of Political Economy, April, 1992.
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Basu, Susanto & Fernald, John G, 1997. Returns to Scale in U.S. Production: Estimates and Implications, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 105(2), pages 249-83, April.
Baum-Snow, Nathaniel and Ronni Pavan “Understanding the City Size Wage Gapâ€, Review of Economic Studies, 2012, 79(1): 88-127.
Behrens, Kristian, Gilles Duraton, and Frederic Robert-Nicoud (2014), Productive Cities: Sorting, Selection, and Agglomeration, Journal of Political Economy 122 (3): 507-553.
- Close, Grank and David E. Shulenburger, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Jul., 1971), pp. 588-602 Davis, Morris, Francois Ortalo-Magne “Household Expenditures, Wages and Rents†Review of Economic Dynamics 14-2, 2011.
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- Data on housing costs are measured as median annual rent from the 1960, 1970 US Census of Population and the 2008 and 2009 American Community Survey. For 1964, we linearly interpolate Census data between 1960 and 1970. Because rents may reflect a selected sample of housing units, in some models we use average housing prices. Data for 2009 are from individual level data from the American Community Survey. To get more precise estimate, we combine 2008 and 2009.
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- Data on housing supply elasticities, land use regulations and land availability are from Saiz (2010). They are intended to measure variation in elasticity that arises both from political constraints and geographical constraints. In 19 cities, Saiz data are missing. In those cases, we impute elasticity based on the relevant state average.
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- Data on total employment by county are never suppressed in the CBP. By contrast, data by county and industry are suppressed in the CBP in cases where the county-industry cell is too small to protect confidentiality. In these cases, the CBP provides not an exact figure for employment, but a range. We impute employment in these cases based on the midpoint of the range. We aggregate counties into MSA’s using a crosswalk provided by the Census based on the 2000 definition of MSA.
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De La Roca, Jorge and Diego Puga, 'Learning by working in big cities', CEPR discussion paper 9243, December 2012.
Desmet, Klaus, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. 2013. Urban Accounting and Welfare. American Economic Review, 103(6): 2296-2327.
- Diamond Rebecca, “Housing Supply Elasticity and Rent Extraction by State and Local Governmentsâ€, Stanford University, 2014.
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Diamond, Rebecca, “The Determinants and Welfare Implications of US Workers' Diverging Location Choices by Skill: 1980-2000â€, Stanford University , 2013.
Duranton, Gilles, Ejaz Ghani, Arti Grover Goswami and William Kerr, “The Misallocation of Land and Other Factors of Production in India†World Bank Working Paper, 2015.
Eeckout, Jan, Roberto Pinheiro, and Kurt Schmidheiny (2014), Spatial Sorting, Journal of Political Economy 122 (3): 554-620.
- For 1964, estimates are calculated based on figures in the BLS Directories, scaled to a level consistent with CPS estimates using information on years in which the two sources overlap. Only state averages are estimated in 1964. Thus, in 1964 we assume assign union density to each MSA based on the state average. coefficients for 1964 are: high-school or more .44; college or more .34; female: -1.13; non white: -.44; age: .004; union .14. The coefficients for 2009 are: high-school or more .50; college or more .51; female: -.45; non white: -.07; age: .007; union .14. Because a union identifier is not available in the 1964 CPS, the 1964 regression assumes that the coefficient on union is equal to the coefficient from 2009, which is estimated to be equal to .14.
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- For 2009, we can compare the wage residuals estimated our approach with those that one would obtain from individual level data. (Of course we can’t do this for 1964, because we don’t have micro data in that year). Appendix Figure 1 shows that while noisy, our imputed wage residuals do contain signal. The two measures have correlation .75.
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- Ganong Peter and Daniel Shoag, “Why Has Regional Convergence in the U.S. Stopped?â€, Harvard Kennedy School mimeo, 2013.
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- Glaeser, Edward “Land Use Restrictions and Other Barriers to Growthâ€, Cato Institute, 2014.
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- Glaeser, Edward Joseph Gyourko and Raven Saks (2005), “Why Have House Prices Gone Up?â€, American Economic Review, Vol. 95, no. 2 : 329-333 Gaubert, Cecile, mimeo, UC Berkeley, 2014.
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Glaeser, Edward Joseph Gyourko and Raven Saks (2005), Why is Manhattan So Expensive?: Regulation and the Rise in House Pricesâ€, Journal of Law and Economics, 48(2): 331-370.
Glaeser, Edward Joseph Gyourko and Raven Saks (2006), “Urban Growth and Housing Supply,†Journal of Economic Geography, 6: 71-89.
Glaeser, Edward: “The Rise of the Sunbelt,†Southern Economic Journal, 74(3) (2008): 610-643 Glaeser, Edward, “The Triumph of the Cityâ€, Penguin Books, 2011.
Gyourko, Joseph and Edward Glaeser (2005), Urban Decline and Durable Housing, Journal of Political Economy, Vol 113, no 2, 345-375, 113 (2), 345 - 375.
Henderson and Ioannides Aspects of Growth in a System of Cities, Journal of Urban Economics, 1981, 10, 117-139.
Henderson, Vernon Systems of Cities in Closed and Open Economies, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1982, 12, 325-350.
- Hirsch, Barry T., David A. Macpherson, and Wayne G. Vroman (2001), Estimates of Union Density by State, Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 124, No. 7, pp. 51-55.
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Hsieh Chang-Tai and Peter J. Klenow, Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India, Quarterly Journal of Economics (2009) 124 (4): 1403-1448.
- In some models residual wage is defined as Wic – Xi’bs where bs is a vector of coefficients on workers characteristics from individual level regressions which is allowed to vary across states. The correlation in 2009 increases only marginally to .78.
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Karabarbounis, Loukas and Brent Nieman (2014), The Global Decline of the Labor Share, Quarterly Journal of Economics, forthcoming.
Kline Patrick and Enrico Moretti, People, Places and Public Policy: Some Simple Welfare Economics of Local Economic Development Programsâ€, Annual Review of Economics, 2014 Lewbel, Arthur and Krishna Pendakur, 2008, â€Tricks with Hicks: The EASI Implicit Marshallian Demand System for Unobserved Heterogeneity and Flexible Engel Curves.â€, American Economic Review.
Lucas, Robert On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1988): 3-42.
- Moretti, Enrico, “The New Geography of Jobs†Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2012).
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Morris A. Davis & Francois Ortalo-Magne, 2011. Household Expenditures, Wages, Rents, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol.
- Our sample consists of 220 MSA’s with non-missing values in 1964 and 2009. These cities account for 71.6% of US employment in 1964 and 72.8% in 2009. They account for 74.3% of US wage bill in 1964 and 76.3% in 2009. The average city employment is 144,178 in 1964 and 377,071 in 2009. Appendix Table A1 presents summary statistics.
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Redding, Stephen Economic Geography: a Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature, Chapter 16 in The Palgrave Handbook of International Trade, 2011 Redding, Stephen and Matt Turner “Transportation Costs and the Spatial Organization of Economic Activity, Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, forthcoming, 2015.
Saiz, Albert 2010. The Geographic Determinants of Housing Supply, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 125(3), pages 1253-1296, August.
- Serrrato, Juan Carlos Suarez and Owen Ziidar, “Who Benefits from State Corporate Tax Cuts? A Local Labor Market Approach with Heterogeneous Firmsâ€, mimeo, 39 Data Appendix In this appendix we describe where each variable used in the paper comes from. We begin by measuring average wages in a county or in a country-industry cell by taking the ratio of total wage bill in private sector industries and total number of workers in private sector industries using CBP data for 1964-65 (referred to as 1964) and 2008-2009 (referred to as 2009). To increase sample size and reduce measurement error, we combine 1964 with 1965 and 2008 with 2009. 1964 is the earliest year for which CBP data are available at the county-industry level.
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- Specifically, we merge 1964 CBP average wage by MSA to a vector of workers characteristics from the 1960 US Census of Population; we also merge 2009 CBP average wage by MSA to a vector of workers characteristics from the 2008 and 2009 ACS. These characteristics include: three indicators for educational attainment (high school drop-out, high school, college); indicators for race; an indicator for gender; and age. We drop all cases where education is missing. In the small number of cases where one of the components of the vector other than education is missing, we impute it based on the relevant state average.
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- The main strength of the CBP is a fine geographical-industry detail and the fact that data are available for as far back as 1964.26 But CBP is far from ideal. The main limitation of the CBP data is that it does not provide worker level data on salaries, but only a county aggregate and therefore does not allow us to control for changes in worker composition. We augment CBP data with information on worker characteristics from the Census of Population and the ACS.
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