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- Appendix B: Data appendix B1. 1987 SIC – 2002 NAICS – 2007 NAICS Concordance BLS data on employment for the period 1999-2010 encompasses different industry classification schemes: the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC1987), used until 2001, the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), used until 2006, the 2007 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), used thereafter. The switch between these schemes complicates the creation of a consistent set of industries for the purpose of comparison over time. To address this shortcoming we develop a new SIC1987NAICS2002 -NAICS2007 concordance to ensure that results are not driven by such changes.
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- Our results are robust to alternative definitions of our task variables. As a robustness check, we define our task variables in three alternative ways. First, we use the standard definition of task constructs provided in Acemoglu and Autor (2011) that encompasses the use of less Work Activities and Work Context items compared to our definition. A second route is creating a composite indicator of our intended constructs using local factor analysis. Yet another alternative measure is transforming our task constructs into percentile values corresponding to their rank in the 2002 distribution. In this way, all of the outcome measures may be interpreted as levels or changes in task input relative to the 2002 task distribution. Our results are robust to all these different definitions and are available from the authors upon request.
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- Our task constructs are built from a detailed examination of O-NET Work Activities and Work Context. We build upon and expand the task constructs of Autor, Levy and Murnane (2003). The chosen items are grouped together in four main categories: Non-Routine Cognitive (NRC), Non-Routine Interactive (NRI), Routine Cognitive (RC) and Routine Manual (RM). Table B1 below lists the 40 O-NET variables used in this study. The main task categories are computed by summing the score of importance for a particular SOC occupation. This procedure makes sense as each task construct comprises a combination of ten items with the same score range. We also follow Autor and Dorn (2013) and calculate additional task constructs that differentiate between three broad occupational groups: high skill occupations, medium skill occupations and low skill occupations. Table B2 below lists the occupations for each single group.
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- Starting with the standard 1987 SIC to 2002 NAICS and 2002 NAICS to 2007 NAICS concordances used by the U.S. Census Bureau2 , we manually create families of three-digit SIC and four-digit NAICS codes that group related SIC and NAICS categories together over time. We first map three-digit 1987 SIC codes into four-digit 2002 NAICS codes. We were able to link 78 out of 86 four-digit 2002 NAICS codes for manufacturing. We were unable to find a reliable match for 8 four-digit 2002 NAICS codes due to the existence of a better match of the corresponding three-digit 1987 SIC with other four-digit 2002 NAICS codes.
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- The main variables of interest for this study are contained in the Work Context and in the Work Activities surveys (Autor et al, 2003). Respondents are asked to rate the importance of particular work activities and characteristics required by the job. This rating indicates the degree of importance a particular descriptor is to the occupation. The possible ratings range from “Not Important†(1) to “Extremely Important†(5). O-NET data is reported at the sixdigit Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) level. As employment data from BLS are available only at the four-digit SOC occupation level, we aggregate O-NET six-digit SOC at the four-digit level. Each four-digit SOC occupation contains in this way the average importance value of the corresponding six-digit SOC occupations.
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- These concordances are available at http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/concordances/concordances.html (3379). We then map four-digit 2007 NAICS codes into four-digit 2007 NAICS codes. Here we obtain a perfect match among the 86 manufacturing industries. The complete concordance table is available from the authors upon request.
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- Three of the work contexts – “face-to-face discussionsâ€, “physical proximity†and “structured versus unstructured work†– contained several missing values (2039 out of 7695 occupationyear observations). This problem was particularly severe for the 2002-2004 time period (almost 65% of missing occupation-year observations). We impute missing data for these three factors through a regression approach. In particular, we impute missing values with the fitted values obtained by regressing all the work activities and work context factors on each of the three work context factors above by year.
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- Tippins, N., and M. Hilton (2010) A Database for a Changing Economy: Review of the Occupational Information Network. Panel to Review the Occupational Information Network (O-NET).
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- To keep up with the changing occupational landscape of the labour market, the taxonomy of occupations is periodically revised. We kept track of all revisions at occupational level over 3 http://www.xwalkcenter.org/ the period 2002-2010 to control for the birth and death of occupations (http://www.onetcenter.org/dataPublication.html). In some cases, new occupations appear in O-NET but we have no information on tasks for them. In all the cases when we have missing task values from new occupations but non-missing value of employment from BLS, we assign the value of task of the following year (if non missing) to that SOC occupation.
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Verhoogen, E. (2008) “Trade, Quality Upgrading and Wage Inequality in the Mexican Manufacturing Sectorâ€. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (2), pp. 489-530.
Vona, F. and D. Consoli (2015) “Innovation and skill dynamics: a life - cycle approachâ€. Industrial and Corporate Change (Forthcoming).
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