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1. ~ For an excellent overview of the Italian economy between 1945 and the mid-I 990s see Rossi and Toniolo (1996).
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2. ~ For more recent applied work on this topic compare Nordhaus (2002) and Becker et al. (2003). `In partial mitigation, over the half-century the number of hours worked per employee in Ireland dropped more than in Italy: by 25.8% versus 18.9% (compare Gordon 2004).
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3. 2 Survey data generally refer only to the recent past; see, however, the Subjective Impoverishment Index discussed in Mokyr and 0 Gráda 1988, which refer to data from the I 830s. While Tim Leunig and Joachim Voth have recently commented on `the fading use of stature as indicators of movements in health and wellbeing in advanced industrial societies, much is expected of the anthropometric approach in assessments of health and nutritional status in the pre-documented past, such as in medieval Europe and pre-Columban America (Leunig and Voth 2002; Steckel 2002; Steckel and Rose 2002). The sorpasso emerged when the Italian statistical service revised its estimate of the black economy upward. ~ For an account of the Irish economy before the boom see 0 Gráda I 997a. In mid-century the Italian economy was sixteen times the size of Irelands.
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4. 6 Italy had been worse affected by World War II than neutral Ireland, and its recovery between 1945 and 1950 - spurred on by the Marshall Plan - was accordingly faster. However, by midcentury the rates of growth in both economies had declined to levels sustained in the following decade.
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7. An earlier estimate for urban Ireland can be inferred from data on gross weekly household incomes in Irish cities and towns in 1965-66 (as reported in Geary 1977: 172-5). It implies a G of 0.345, but is not readily comparable to our later estimates.
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