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1. ________, 2011a. Productive Capacities in the Least Developed Countries. Background paper prepared for UNCTAD’s The Least Developed Countries Report 2011.
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2. A. The complexity of the product-mix of selected countries (2009) Percent -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 How common is the product-mix (Number of countries that export the product) Japan Percent -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 How common is the product-mix (Number of countries that export the product) Bangladesh Percent -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 How common is the product-mix (Number of countries that export the product) Tuvalu
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3. Abdon at all (2010) expands Hidalgo and Hausmann (2009) empirical analysis to explore the relationship between complexity of a product, termed product sophistication, and country’s income. They find that major exporters of the more complex products are the high-income countries and the major exporters of the less complex products are the low-income countries. In addition, export shares of the more complex products increase with income, while export shares of the less complex products decrease with income.
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4. Abdon, Arnelyn, Amrife Bacate, Jesus Felipe and Utsav kumar (2010). Product complexity and economic development. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Working Paper No. 616.

5. Building Productive Capacities: Challenges and Opportunities for Least Developed Countries UNCTAD, 2011. The Least Developed Countries Report, 2011: The Potential Role of South-South Cooperation for Inclusive and Sustainable Development.
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6. ESCAP, 2011. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2011- Sustaining Dynamism and Inclusive Development: Connectivity in the Region and Productive Capacity in Least Developed Countries. ST/ESCAP/2586. Sales No.
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7. Freire, C., and Isgut, A., 2012. Export opportunities turning East. MPDD Working Papers, ESCAP, Macroeconomic Policy and Development Division. forthcoming.
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8. Hausmann, Ricardo, and Bailey Klinger (2007). The structure of the product space and the evolution of comparative advantage. CDI Working Paper No.146, April. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Center for International Development. Available from www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centersprograms /centers/cid/publications/faculty/wp/146.pdf.

9. Hausmann, Ricardo, and César A. Hidalgo (2010). Country diversification, product ubiquity, and economic divergence. CID Working Paper No. 201, October. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Center for International Development. Available from www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centersprograms /centers/cid/publications/faculty/wp/201.pdf.

10. Hidalgo, César A., and Ricardo Hausmann (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. PNAS, vol.106, No. 26, pp. 10570-10575. Available from www.chidalgo.com/Papers/HidalgoHausmann_PNAS_2009_PaperAndSM.pdf.

11. Imbs, J., Wacziarg,R. 2003. Stages of Diversification. American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(1), pages 63-86, March.

12. Schott, P., 2004. Across-product versus within-product specialization in international trade. Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 119, No. 2, pp. 647-678.

13. The MIT Press. ISBN-10: MPDD Working Papers WP/12/02 APPENDIX 1. Product complexity This paper uses the method of reflections proposed by Hidalgo and Hausmann (2009) to measure diversification and ubiquity of country’s product-mix. The method constructs a network of countries and products that they export and iteratively calculate a generalized measure of diversification and ubiquity as follows: Mcp = 1 if country c exports product p Kc,0 = Number of products exported by country c Kp,0 = Number of countries that export product p 1, 0, , −∑= Npp cp c Nc KM K K (Generalized measure of diversification) (1) 1, 0, , −∑= Ncc cp p Np KM K K (Generalized measure of ubiquity) (2) The measure of product complexity (PCOMP) is taken as the normalized value of the Kp value of the 5th interaction of the method of reflections: )5( Kpsd KpKp PCOMP ><− = , where < Kp5> is the mean and sd(Kp5) is the standard deviation.
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14. United Nations, 2011. Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020. A/CONF.219/3.
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15. Williamson, Jeffrey G., 2011. Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind.

1. Does product complexity matter for firms TFP?. (2020). Guan, Shu ; Cheng, Liwei.
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2. Knowledge Diffusion, Trade and Innovation across Countries and Sectors. (2019). Santacreu, Ana Maria ; Li, Nan ; Cai, Jie.
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3. Does Birthplace Diversity Affect Economic Complexity? Cross-Country Evidence. (2019). Turati, Riccardo ; Rapoport, Hillel ; Bahar, Dany.
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4. A conduit for knowledge? demonstrating the strength of technology improvements in Indian firms that buy outsourced information technology. (2018). Kite, Grace.
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5. The geographical dimension of structural change. (2018). Boschma, Ron.
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6. On the evolution of comparative advantage: path-dependent versus path-defying changes. (2018). Coniglio, Nicola ; Cantore, Nicola ; Clara, Michele ; Vurchio, Davide.
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7. Multinational enterprises, industrial relatedness and employment in European regions. (2018). Oort, Frank ; Crescenzi, Riccardo ; Cortinovis, Nicola ; van Oort, Frank.
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8. Towards increased complexity in Russian regions : networks, diversification and growth. (2018). Margarita, Gvozdeva ; Lyubimov, Ivan ; Lysyuk, Maria ; Gvozdeva, Margarita.
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9. On the evolution of comparative advantage: path-dependent versus path-defying changes. (2018). Coniglio, Nicola ; Cantore, Nicola ; Clara, Michele ; Vurchio, Davide.
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10. Choosing sides in the trilemma: international financial cycles and structural change in developing economies. (2017). Porcile, Gabriel ; Ocampo, Jose Antonio ; Cimoli, Mario.
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13. The impact of the euro adoption on the complexity of goods in Slovenian exports. (2017). Serwach, Tomasz ; Gabrielczak, Piotr.
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14. Knowledge Diffusion and Trade across Countries and Sectors. (2017). Santacreu, Ana Maria ; Li, Nan ; Cai, Jie.
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15. Structural Transformation in Thailand: A Perspective Through Product Innovation. (2017). Disyatat, Piti ; Apaitan, Tosapol ; Ananchotikul, Nasha.
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16. Economic Complexity of Russian Regions and their Potential to Diversify. (2017). Nesterova, Kristina ; Lyubimov, Ivan ; Kazakova, Maria ; Gvozdeva, M.
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17. Growth after Crisis in Europe: An Interdependence of Macroeconomic and Structural Policies. (2017). Islam, Roumeen.
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18. Local and Non-Local Knowledge Typologies: Technological Complexity in the Irish Knowledge Space. (2017). Whittle, Adam.
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19. The pattern of structural change: testing the Product Space framework. (2017). Lagravinese, Raffaele ; Coniglio, Nicola ; Author, Massimo Armenise ; Vurchio, Davide.
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20. The Extractives Dependence Index (EDI). (2017). Hailu, Degol ; Kipgen, Chinpihoi .
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21. Inter-industry relatedness and industrial-policy efficiency: Evidence from China’s export processing zones. (2017). poncet, sandra ; Chen, Zhao ; Xiong, Ruixiang.
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22. The Birth and Growth of New Export Clusters: Which Mechanisms Drive Diversification?. (2017). Wagner, Rodrigo ; Stein, Ernesto ; Bahar, Dany ; Rosenow, Samuel.
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23. Neighbour regions as the source of new industries. (2017). Minondo, Asier ; Martín, Víctor ; Boschma, Ron ; Martin, Victor.
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24. Eine Analyse der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Österreichs im bilateralen Handel mit den USA (TTIP). (2016). Reschenhofer, Peter ; Oberhofer, Harald ; Christen, Elisabeth ; Reinstaller, Andreas.
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25. The evolution of comparative advantage: Measurement and welfare implications. (2016). Zhang, Jing ; Levchenko, Andrei.
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26. Economic Complexity in Panama: Assessing Opportunities for Productive Diversification. (2016). Santos, Miguel ; Hausmann, Ricardo ; Morales, Jose Ramon.
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27. Wissensintensive Unternehmensdienste, Wissens-Spillovers und regionales Wachstum. Teilprojekt 1: Wissens-Spillovers und regionale Entwicklung – Welche strukturpolitische Ausrichtung optimiert das Wachstum?. (2015). Mayerhofer, Peter ; Firgo, Matthias.
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28. Crisis and Recovery in the German Economy: The Real Lessons. (2015). Storm, Servaas.
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29. rKnowledge: The Spatial Diffusion and Adoption of rDNA Methods. (2015). Kogler, Dieter ; Feldman, Maryann P. ; Rigby, David L..
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30. Relatedness, Industrial Branching and Technological Cohesion in US Metropolitan Areas. (2015). Essletzbichler, Jurgen.
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31. Editorial: Evolutionary Economic Geography - Theoretical and Empirical Progress. (2015). Kogler, Dieter.
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32. Technological Relatedness and Knowledge Space: Entry and Exit of US Cities from Patent Classes. (2015). Rigby, David L.
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33. The Product Space Revisited: Chinas Trade Profile. (2015). Scaramozzino, Pasquale ; Ferrarini, Benno.
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34. Technologiegeber Österreich. Österreichs Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in Schlüsseltechnologien und Enwicklungspotentiale als Technologiegeber. (2014). Reinstaller, Andreas.
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35. The Evolution of Comparative Advantage: Measurement and Implications. (2014). Zhang, Jing ; Levchenko, Andrei.
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36. Neighbors and the evolution of the comparative advantage of nations: Evidence of international knowledge diffusion?. (2014). Hidalgo, Cesar ; Hausmann, Ricardo ; Bahar, Dany.
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37. Latin America and the middle-income trap. (2014). Paus, Eva.
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38. JCMS Special Issue 2014: Eastern Enlargement Ten Years On: Transcending the East-West Divide? Guest Editors: Rachel A. Epstein and Wade Jacoby. (2014). Langbein, Julia.
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39. The Development of Productive Structures of EU Member Countries and Their International Competitiveness. (2013). Holzl, Werner ; Kutsam, Johannes ; Schmid, Christian ; Reinstaller, Andreas.
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40. Product relatedness and firm exports in China. (2013). poncet, sandra ; de Waldemar, Felipe Starosta.
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41. Export upgrading and growth in China: the prerequisite of domestic embeddedness. (2013). poncet, sandra ; Starosta, Felipe.
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43. Expanding and Diversifying Montenegro’s Exports: A Product Space Analysis. (2013). Osorio Rodarte, Israel ; Bogetic, Zeljko ; Osorio-Roddarte, Israel ; Pejovi, Igor .
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47. Product relatedness and firm exports in China. (2012). Starosta de Waldemar, Felipe ; poncet, sandra.
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48. Exporting from a small landlocked economy : an assessment of firm-product-destination survival rates in the Lao PDR. (2011). Stirbat, Liviu ; Record, Richard ; Nghardsaysone, Konesawang .
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49. Constructing Regional Advantage: Platform Policies Based on Related Variety and Differentiated Knowledge Bases. (2011). Boschma, Ron ; Asheim, Bjorn ; Cooke, Philip.
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50. The Evolution of Comparative Advantage: Measurement and Welfare Implications. (2011). Zhang, Jing ; Levchenko, Andrei.
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51. The Product Space: What Does It Say About the Opportunities for Growth and Structural Transformation of Sub-Saharan Africa?. (2011). Felipe, Jesus ; Abdon, Arnelyn .
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52. .

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53. Exports Productivity and Growth across Spanish Regions. (2010). Minondo, Asier.
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54. Modeling Technological Progress and Investment in China: Some Caveats. (2010). McCombie, John ; Felipe, Jesus.
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55. Why Did Financial Globalization Disappoint?. (2009). Subramanian, Arvind ; Rodrik, Dani.
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56. Growth Diagnostic: Peru. (2008). Hausmann, Ricardo ; Klinger, Bailey.
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57. Growth Diagnostics in Peru. (2008). Hausmann, Ricardo ; Klinger, Bailey.
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58. THE SPEED OF STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING ECONOMIES. (2008). Abegaz, Berhanu.
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59. South Africas export predicament*. (2008). Hausmann, Ricardo ; Klinger, Bailey.
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60. Building Productive Capacities: Challenges and Opportunities for Least Developed Countries. (). Freire, Clovis.
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61. Productive Capacities in Asia and the Pacific. (). Freire, Clovis.
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