Circuit Design: Operational Amplifier and Power MOSFETs

75 Ohm and high impedance dominate the power transmission for a decades but in the end engineering and since ultimately prevailed it’s not about loss it’s about max power handling capabilities especially in ultra low power systems like high speed traces in pcbs even within differential pairs the 50 Ohm single impedance dominates Every small and single detail has a historical and worthy reasons too know

This diagram shows an inverter circuit from 12V DC to 220V AC. The power supply (B1) provides 12V of continuous current (DC). The CD4047 (U1) integrated circuit functions as a stable oscillator, generating alternating signals that control the MOSFET IRFZ44E transistors (Q1 and Q2). Resistances (R1 and R2) and the capacitor (C1) form part of the timing circuit to define the oscillation frequency. MOSFET switches current to the transformer (TR1), which raises the voltage from 12V DC to approximately 220V AC. On the right side, you can see the voltimeter that measures the AC output.

🔹 Active Components These are components that control electricity flow and need an external power source to work. They can amplify signals (make them stronger) or switch current ON/OFF. ✨ Examples: 1. Transistor – works like an electronic switch or amplifier. 2. Diode – allows current to flow in only one direction. 3. LED (Light Emitting Diode) – produces light when current passes. 4. IC (Integrated Circuit) – tiny circuit with many transistors inside. 👉 Without power supply, these cannot function. --- 🔹 Passive Components These are components that do not need any external power. They can only store, block, or release energy, but cannot amplify signals. ✨ Examples: 1. Resistor – resists current flow, controls voltage or current. 2. Capacitor – stores electrical energy and releases it when needed. 3. Inductor – stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. 4. Transformer – transfers electrical energy between circuits. 👉 They work automatically when electricity is supplied, no extra power required. --- 🔑 Main Difference: Active = Needs power + Controls current (like the “brain” of circuits). Passive = No extra power + Only stores/filters (like the “muscles” of circuits).

2 level Vs 3 Level Inverter. The choice between a two-level and a three-level inverter goes beyond their basic differences. Depending on the power rating and the selected switching frequency, one must decide whether a two-level topology is sufficient, or a three-level topology (better waveform quality, reduced device stress) is more suitable. In 3 level inverter waveform closer to the sinusoidal waveform and hence reduce THD.

𝟒𝐤𝐖 𝐝𝐬𝐏𝐈𝐂𝟑𝟑𝐂 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞-𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥-𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐂-𝐃𝐂 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 A full-bridge (FB) DC-DC converter is an isolated DC-DC power converter that uses an H-bridge topology to step down or step up DC voltages, providing galvanic isolation between input and output stages via a transformer. Key components include four power electronic switches, a high-frequency transformer, a rectification circuit (often with diodes or synchronous rectifiers), and output filter components like an inductor and capacitor. The converter operates by alternating current through the transformer's primary winding using switches, with control achieved by adjusting phase shifts between the pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to the switches, enabling high efficiency and soft switching techniques. A Full-Bridge DC-DC converter works by using four primary-side switches to create an alternating current (AC) across a transformer, which then steps down or up the voltage to the desired level. On the secondary side, synchronous rectification or diodes convert the AC back to DC, which is then smoothed by an inductor and capacitor filter to provide a stable, regulated output voltage. By switching diagonal pairs of primary-side MOSFETs (Q1 & Q4, then Q2 & Q3), the direction of current and voltage polarity across the transformer reverses in each half-cycle, effectively "resetting" the transformer and allowing it to handle high power levels.

Resistor, Capacitor & Inductor 📘 Basics of Electrical Components: R, C, and L Resistor (R): Opposes current flow. Formula → R = V/I Capacitor (C): Stores energy in the form of electric charge. Formula → C = Q/V Inductor (L): Stores energy in a magnetic field. Formula → L = VL / (di/dt) 👉 Their behavior changes in series and parallel circuits, making them the building blocks of electrical engineering. #ElectricalEngineering #Resistor #Capacitor #Inductor #EngineeringBasics

I will be sharing some useful information on the following topics in the upcoming post: 1. Isolated DC Link topology 2. Asymmetrical Delta Connected Auto transformer 9 phase output, specifically the 3/9 transformation using 3 level inverter/MMC/18 pulse/18 winding transformer 3. Wavelet Transform analysis 4. Comparison of CSCC & CCC HVDC Stay tuned for more details on these topics, and I welcome any feedback, comments, or suggestions.

Switch 2A (2 Amp Transformer): Transforms Grid Voltage to 12 Volts with Central Drive (CT). Diodes 6A10: They form a full-wave rectifier that converts alternating current (AC) into continuous current (DC). Capacitor 16V 1000μF: Filters and softens DC to reduce curl. Resistance 1k de: Acts as a current limiter for the measurement signal. 3-wire digital voltimeter: Measures continuous voltage output. Auto Volt (tests): They are the test tips to measure voltage. 👉 In summary: This circuit converts 12V AC from the transformer into filtered DC, and displays it on a digital volimeter to check the output voltage.

Short circuit test of high voltage current 🤪

Here you can see the internals of some high voltage batteries in the assembly phase. There is 48 cells per battery module, making each module approximately 43kWH and 153.6V nominal. https://lnkd.in/g_d8fU57