Hayden paul.R’s Post

💡 Swap Memory – How It Works & Why It Matters When physical RAM is exhausted, the OS moves inactive memory pages to swap space (on disk/SSD). This process, known as paging, frees up RAM for active tasks. 🔹 How it works: Kernel identifies less-used memory pages Pages are written to swap (disk acts as virtual RAM) Active processes continue running smoothly 🔹 Why it helps: ✅ Prevents system crashes under heavy load ✅ Enables stable multitasking with limited RAM ✅ Supports memory-intensive workloads (databases, containers, analytics) ⚠️ Note: Swap is much slower than RAM. It’s a safety net, not a substitute. Frequent swapping = a sign to upgrade physical memory. #SystemDesign #Linux #PerformanceEngineering #TechTips

Have you ever wondered how your laptop magically understands files — whether they’re on an SSD, USB, or even a CD? That question hit me the first time I plugged in a flash drive and it just… worked. 💡 But behind that magic is one of the most underrated heroes in computing: the File System. Here’s the story 👇 👉 At the lowest level, you have hardware (your disks: SSDs, HDDs, tapes). 👉 Above that, the OS doesn’t talk to hardware directly — it uses supported file systems like EXT4, NTFS, FAT, ZFS, BTRFS. 👉 Then comes the Virtual File System (VFS) layer — a genius abstraction that makes all file systems look the same to the Kernel. 👉 Finally, the Kernel sits at the top, managing all requests, so your apps can read/write files without caring whether they’re on Linux, Windows, or a USB stick. 💡 Lesson: File Systems are like translators — they speak the language of your hardware and present it in a universal way your computer can understand. Without them, a simple “save file” would be chaos. 👉 Question for you: Which file system have you used the most — NTFS, EXT4, or something modern like BTRFS/ZFS? And why? #OperatingSystems #FileSystems #Linux #SystemDesign #LearningTogether

“Have you ever wondered how your laptop magically understands files — whether they’re on an SSD, USB, or even a CD?” That question hit me the first time I plugged in a flash drive and it just… worked. 💡 But behind that magic is one of the most underrated heroes in computing: the File System. Here’s the story 👇 👉 At the lowest level, you have hardware (your disks: SSDs, HDDs, tapes). 👉 Above that, the OS doesn’t talk to hardware directly — it uses supported file systems like EXT4, NTFS, FAT, ZFS, BTRFS. 👉 Then comes the Virtual File System (VFS) layer — a genius abstraction that makes all file systems look the same to the Kernel. 👉 Finally, the Kernel sits at the top, managing all requests, so your apps can read/write files without caring whether they’re on Linux, Windows, or a USB stick. 💡 Lesson: File Systems are like translators — they speak the language of your hardware and present it in a universal way your computer can understand. Without them, a simple “save file” would be chaos. 👉 Question for you: Which file system have you used the most — NTFS, EXT4, or something modern like BTRFS/ZFS? And why? #OperatingSystems #FileSystems #Linux #SystemDesign #LearningTogether

📢 The floppy disk controller code in Linux receives a new improvement in 2025! 💾 Although floppy disks seem like technology from the past, the Linux kernel continues to maintain its support. Recently, kernel developer Jiri Kosina introduced a significant improvement to the floppy driver. 🔧 The update allows the driver to be compiled as a loadable module, rather than having to be integrated directly into the kernel. This optimizes resource usage in systems where this driver is not needed. 🛠️ Despite the hardware being obsolete, this type of maintenance demonstrates the open-source community's commitment to backward compatibility and system efficiency. 💡 The improvement not only benefits legacy environments but also reflects Linux's philosophy of maintaining historical functionalities without sacrificing modern performance. For more information visit: https://enigmasecurity.cl Are you surprised that code for floppy disks is still being maintained in 2025? Share your opinion! #Linux #Kernel #OpenSource #RetroComputing #Development #Technology #FreeSoftware #LegacySystems Let's connect on LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/ej-vFb7f 📅 Wed, 27 Aug 2025 17:43:11 +0200 🔗Subscribe to the Membership: https://lnkd.in/eh_rNRyt

✅ Successfully Configured a Single-Node Kubernetes Cluster Recently, I set up a Kubernetes single-node cluster from scratch to strengthen my container orchestration skills. ⚙️ System Configuration OS: CentOS 7 (Linux) Resources: 4 GB RAM, 2 CPU cores Static setup: Configured static IP & hostname Pre-checks: Disabled firewall, swap, and SELinux for cluster compatibility Kernel tuning: Applied network parameter tuning for Kubernetes networking Container runtime: Installed Docker 19.03.12 Kubernetes components: Installed kubeadm, kubelet, kubectl along with required packages from local RPM This environment will serve as my hands-on lab for testing workloads, practicing deployments, and experimenting with Kubernetes features. #Get k8spackages: https://lnkd.in/g_9KhSbr #Kubernetes #DevOps #Linux #Containers #Docker #CloudComputing

New Model Alert! 🚀 We’re excited to announce PN: PMC-BiSerial-VI-NRZ, the newest addition to our high-performance PMC-BiSerial-VI platform. ✅ 8 full-duplex NRZ-L ports – highly programmable for maximum flexibility ✅ Features include packet FIFO, gap timers, loop-back mode, and status monitoring built-in ✅ Windows support available. Linux support coming soon ✅ Options for bezel or rear I/O, plus RS-485 and LVDS build options Whether you need parallel or serial operation, the PMC-BiSerial-VI-NRZ gives you full control—right down to bit order, clock edge, and port direction. 👉 Explore all details, reference software, and manuals on our Dynamic Data Sheet: https://lnkd.in/gjsGz5QP #NewProduct #EmbeddedSystems #HighPerformanceIO #EngineeringInnovation

Ubuntu 25.04 now delivers full AMD SEV-SNP host support! 🔐 This makes Ubuntu the first production-grade Linux distribution to support AMD SEV-SNP from host to guest. No out-of-tree patches, no experimental builds and it all works out of the box. With host support now complementing the guest support available since Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, you can deploy confidential virtual machines (CVMs) on entirely Ubuntu-based stacks, whether in private clouds or on bare metal nodes in public clouds. AMD SEV-SNP creates hardware-enforced boundaries around each virtual machine, encrypting guest memory with per-VM keys inaccessible to host software. This lifts the trust boundary out of system software and relocates it to hardware. Host-side support will carry forward to Ubuntu 26.04 LTS, ensuring long-term support for production deployments. Ready to bring confidential computing to your data center? Read the announcement: https://lnkd.in/dUWEvt8N #OpenSource #Linux #ConfidentialComputing

Linux Learning – Weekly Wrap + Device Drivers 🐧 The last two days I mainly spent revising all the topics I covered this week — from load balancing, firewalls, and web servers to process and package management. Along with revision, I also learned about Device Drivers in Linux: 🔹 Linux kernel supports all kinds of storage devices and assigns them drivers. 🔹 Example drivers: ➡️ IDE (old) → /dev/hd* ➡️ SCSI, SAS, SATA, SSD, USB → /dev/sd* ➡️ NVMe devices → /dev/nvme* ➡️ DVD-ROM → /dev/sr* ➡️ Virtual machine disks → /dev/vd* 🔹 Drivers are also mapped to partitions, like /dev/sda1, /dev/nvme0n1p1. 🔹 For DAS devices, the process is: connect → detect driver → create partition → format with filesystem → mount → access data. Revision + new learning on drivers gave me a complete picture of how Linux interacts with hardware and storage. 💪 Next, I’ll move ahead with Storage Management in more detail. #Linux #LearningJourney #DeviceDrivers #Day40 #DevOpsJourney #LearnInPublic

Contributing to Linux Kernel 6.16! Recently I has a opportunity to send a patch that improve the way how the KASAN handle the hardware tags (HW_TAGS) on the ARM MTE. Until now, each HW_TAGS and SW_TAGS was use 8 bits for store tags. But, due to the design of MTE (Memory Tagging Extension), we only need 4 bits for HW_TAGS. This change optimize the use of bits in the flags pages, improving the efficiente of code. This patch born from suggestion of Andrey Konovalov, and was a great opportunity to learn more about internal details of KASAN and memory management in the Kernel. I Writed on my blog the technical background of this contributing, explaning the change and the though behind this. #Linux #Kernel #OpenSource #C #Rust #LowLevelEngineering https://lnkd.in/dQYTgtWK

Want to learn Linux on a deeper level? Today I started installing Arch Linux from scratch. It ships with almost nothing you set up everything yourself. From disk layout and LVM to the bootloader and networking, it’s all in your hands. Why this is useful? you don’t just memorize commnds you learn how Linux fits together: why things are configured a certain way, where they live, and how components connect. That understanding makes you a far better debugger and gives you a real edge over engineers who haven’t gone this deep. Want to try it yourself? If you can, install Arch Linux on bare metal rather than in a VM. You’ll get the full experience: real disk partitioning, device naming (NVMe/SATA), and bootloader quirks behave more realistically on hardware. (A VM is fine to practice, but you’ll miss some storage/boot nuances.) Are you up for the challenge? #Linux #ArchLinux #DevOps #SRE #PlatformEngineering #Homelab #LearningInPublic