B.Arch Dissertation Design in modules

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGYMURTHAL (SONEPAT)
Department of Architecture
“Design in Modules: How modular designing
Affects architecture”
Dissertation Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Architecture (B. ARCH).
Rajat Dhawan
2K13-ARCH-13001006052
DECEMBER 2017

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….........8
1.2 HISTORY AND ORIGIN………………………………………….........9
1.3 AIM…………………………………………………………………… 10
1.4 OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………10
1.5 NEED IDENTIFICATION……………………………………………..10
1.6 SCOPE………………………………………………………………….11
1.7 LIMITATIONS…………………………………………………………11
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………….12
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 MODULAR ARCHITECTURE
2.01 ARCHITECCTURAL STYLE…………………………………………13
2.02 MODULES & MODULARITY………………………………………..14
2.03 MODULAR PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS………………………15
2.1 MIXEDUSE
2.1.1 ORIGIN………………………………………………………………16
2.1.2 MIXEDUSE CONCEPT IN INDIA………………………………….16
2.1.3 FORM & STRUCTURES……………………………………………17
2.1.4 MAINTENANCE/UPGRADATION………………………………...19
2.1.5 ACTIVITY TYPES…………………………………………………..20
2.1.6 PARAMETERS………………………………………………………22

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CHAPTER 3
LIBRARY STUDY
3.1 HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS
3.1.1. SERVICE CORES…………………………………………………..23
3.1.1.1 Orientation…………………………………………………24
3.1.1.2 Window Opening…………………………………………..24
3.1.1.3 Balconies…………………………………………………...24
3.1.1.4 Transitional Spaces…………………………………………25
3.1.1.5 Walls………………………………………………………..25
3.1.1.6 Plan…………………………………………………………26
3.1.1.7 Work spaces………………………………………………...26
3.1.1.8 Relationship to the street……………………………………26
3.1.2. STRUCTURES……………………………………………………….27
3.1.2.1 Raft foundation……………………………………………...27
3.1.2.2 Pile Raft Foundation………………………………………...29
3.1.2.3 Shear Wall…………………………………………………..30
3.1.3. STAIRS………………………………………………………………31
3.1.4. LIFTS………………………………………………………………...32
3.1.5. FIRE FIGHTING………………………………………………………33
3.1.5.1 Fire Control…………………………………………………..33
3.1.5.2 Heat Sensitive Detection System…………………………….33
3.1.5.3 Smoke Sensitive Detection System………………………….34
3.1.5.4 Fire alarm system…………………………………………….34
3.1.5.5 Fixed Fire Fighting Installation……………………………...35
3.1.5.6 Means of Escape……………………………………………..36

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3.1.6. PARKING…………………………………………………………......36
3.1.6.1 Ramp Break over Angle……………………………………...37
3.1.6.2 Driveway Exits……………………………………………….37
3.1.6.3 Parking Lot Layout Considerations………………………….38
3.1.6.4 Inter Lock Module……………………………………………39
3.1.6.5 Comparing Angle Efficiencies……………………………….39
3.1.6.6 One-Way Aisles………………………………………………40
3.1.6.7 Multi Level Car Parking……………………………………...40
3.2. OFFICES………………………………………………………………..41
3.2.1. Workstation Layout……………………………………………42
3.2.2. Office Layout…………………………………………………..44
3.2.3. Office Planning…………………………………………………45
3.2.4. Circulation……………………………………………………...47
3.2.5. Reception areas and visitor control……………………………..48
3.2.6. Conference room………………………………………………..49
3.3 RESTURANTS…………………………………………………………….49
3.3.1. Interior and External lighting…………………………………..51
3.3.2. Air Handling Units (AHU)……………………………………..52
3.4 RETAIL…………………………………………………………………….52
3.4.1. Shops……………………………………………………………55
3.4.2 Food court……………………………………………………….56
CHAPTER 4
CASE STUDIES…………………………………………………………….57
 CASE STUDY I…………………………………………………………….57
 CASE STUDY II……………………………………………………………63
 CASE STUDY III…………………………………………………………..67
 CASE STUDY IV…………………………………………………………..71

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………...76

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List of figures:
Fig. 1.1 A product module
Fig. 1.2 Modular rice mats (tatami) in Japanese architecture
Fig. 1.3 The modulor of Le Corbusier
Fig. 2.1 Modular units in a housing
Fig. 2.2 On site installation of a building module units
Fig. 3.1 Combination of different low and high rise structure
Fig. 3.2 Two more high rise structure
Fig. 3.3 Single midrise structure
Fig. 3.4 Single high rise structure
Fig. 3.5 Mixed use parameters
Fig. 3.1 Service Cores
Fig. 3.2 Double core
Fig. 3.3 Transitional spaces
Fig. 3.4 Relationship of influencing factors
Fig. 3.5 Details of Raft foundation(working)
Fig. 3.6 Details of Raft foundation(views)
Fig. 3.7 Details of pile raft foundatio
Fig. 3.8 Details of RC Shear wall (exploded)
Fig. 3.9 Details of RC Shear wall (plan)
Fig. 3.10 Details of RC Shear wall
Fig. 3.11 Staircase Details
Fig. 3.12 Panoramic lift
Fig. 3.13 Signage for fire safety
Fig. 3.14 Parking interlock module
Fig. 3.15 Parking layout
Fig. 3.16 Multi-Level Car Parking
Fig. 3.21 Vast open plan
Fig. 3.22 Cluster open plan
Fig. 3.23 Closed plan
Fig. 3.24 Workstation layout 1
Fig. 3.25 Workstation layout 2

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Fig. 3.26 Office layout
Fig. 3.27 Reception and office standards
Fig. 3.28 Conference rooms
Fig. 3.31 Small restaurant
Fig. 3.32 Sitting standard
Fig. 3.33 Restaurant areas
Fig. 3.41 Shalves standards
Fig. 3.42 Retail standards
Fig. 3.43 Circulation & counter
Fig. 3.45 Food court
Fig. 3.46 HABITAT 67 Aerial view
Fig. 3.47 Plan
Fig. 3.48 Site Plan
Fig. 3.49 Unit plan
Fig. 3.50 View of HABITAT 67
Fig. 3.51 Balcony diagram
Fig. 3.52 Section
Fig. 3.53 Isometric section
Fig. 3.54 At the time of construction
Fig. 3.55 Bird eye view of Queen Alai airport
Fig. 3.56 Key plan
Fig. 3.57 Section
Fig. 3.58 Modular Terrace
Fig. 3.59 Roof top view
Fig. 3.60 Interior view
Fig. 3.61 Housing towe
Fig. 3.62 Ant view
Fig. 3.63 Side view
Fig. 3.64 Structural Framework
Fig. 3.65 Modules
Fig. 3.66 Modules in Tower
Fig. 3.67 Exterior view of the stadium
Fig. 3.68 Approach to the stadium

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Fig. 3.69 Sitting spaces in the stadium
Fig. 3.70 Proposed view of the stadium
Fig. 3.71 Location of the stadium

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Design in modules (or modular design) is a design method that subdivides a system into smaller
parts called modules or skids that can be independently created and then used in different
systems. A modular system can be characterized by functional partitioning into discrete
scalable, reusable modules; rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces; and making use
of industry values for interfaces.
Fig.1.1 A product module
Due to rapid urbanization, shortage of land and high rate of relocation to cities, does not allow
to provide custom houses for each individuals or group of individuals. There is need to have
maximum housing space in minimum time, cost and land usage. This led to high density
housing, the initial approach towards modular design. The benefits of modular design are
flexibility in design and reduction in costs. Examples of modular systems are modular
buildings, solar panels, wind turbines and so on. Modular design combines the advantages of
standardization with those of customization.
Modular design is not to be restricted to just housing. It is much more capable of than designs
of disaster houses, high/low density housing etc. Most commercial and institutional projects
have repetitive units which can be designed forming modules at various levels of sizes, i.e. it
can be a room or number of rooms which will be repeated. It’s just a matter of designing and
using the modules in different patterns or systems to create multiple options for a design
without actually designing from scratch.

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1.2 HISTORY AND ORIGIN
In classical architecture, the diameter of a column was used as a basis for a number of modules.
In Japanese architecture, room sizes were determined by combinations of rice mats which were
90x180cm.
Fig. 1.2 Modular rice mats (tatami) in Japanese architecture
Work of Matila Ghyka’s on the golden section was one of the sources of the modular, but his
work, in general, was used by other architects, such as Le Corbusier’s rival Andre Lurcat.
Fig. 1.3 The modulor of Le Corbusier
Andre Lurcat proposed his own range of proportions related to the work of builders as much
as to that of designers. Proportions and modules–thus became a central issue in the post-war
French modernisation, as architects struggled to maintain their status amid changing
procedures in building production.

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1.3 AIM
The aim is to achieve various designs, while achieving low-cost for development, as well as,
cost saving in design and construction through modular approach. Modularity is pushing out
the productivity frontier in design creation. On the contrary, modularity may lead to excess
cost due to over-design, inefficient performance, and too many common modules may result
in loss of design identity.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
 To understand the fundamentals of modularity w.r.t. architecture.
 To study the advantages/ limitations of modular design over conventional
methods of design and construction,
 To study the scope of modular design at all the levels, i.e. design, construction,
maintenance, upgradation.
 To analyze the different trends in modular design.
 To study its feasibility in Indian context and its use in current and future scenario.
1.5 NEED IDENTIFICATION
Rapid economic growth has led to high rate of development. With the increasing value there
is a need for radical reformation of construction industry to it more efficient in various sides.
The prefabrication does allow quick construction with optimal quality but requires skills in
production, transport and of components. Factory construction would help save a lot of time
as the design be fed computers and the machines, robots can automatically generate full scale
module ready for use.
Modular designs are already in use in areas hit by natural disasters, for slum recuperation,
inhabitable spaces like Antarctic, mountains, deserts, etc. though there is to see in normal
conditions where people have the option to build as they want to. This is going to change as
more and more urbanization takes place and there is lack of resources.
Modular design is restricted to only a few building typologies. There has to be a way to apply
modulation in a certain way hence breaking the boredom of a stack as in case of high rises.
Also the buildings can be made such that modules can be added/ subtracted while in use without
affecting the users.

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1.6 SCOPE
The approach towards modular design might vary in case of architecture and other fields
(software, product design etc.), but the basic theory, need for designing in modules, pros and
cons are much similar. Object-oriented programming in software design, production/ assembly
line in industrial/product design are very successful cases of design in modules. Prefabricated
buildings still has to attain that level of popularity.
The quick and cost efficient mode of construction will require the study of modular design in
various types of existing projects which are mainly residential buildings like houses, housing,
disaster mitigation, slum rehabilitation, etc. It shall not be restricted on economic basis as
modular design can be of much importance to multi-use skyscrapers. So, there will be a study
of its use in other typologies like commercial, institutional, industrial buildings.
There has to be an analysis of forming modules at different scales. For example, an apartment
in housing, floor in a skyscraper, a room in a house, etc. As a whole, the scope of this
dissertation would be various building typologies like residential, commercial, institutional
and industrial buildings with modular components with a minimum size of a room.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
The study is restricted to modular design of buildings and does not apply to other designs of
smaller scales and modular designs in other fields (software etc.). Modular design is not a
popular concept in India, so the case studies done would be international and will rely on
information in books and internet. Also, it is not possible to have technical construction details
for the components in case studies.
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
STUDY AREAS AND ITS APPROACH
The research is being done from many research papers, magazines,internet, thesis &
dissertations, Time savers, and codes of india.The main approach of research is to comes up
to the design strategies and solutions in applying the modular systems in various activities of
an integrated building for e.g. it is either residential, commercial, retail, shopping complex
etc.
Most of the research also carried out through the case studies of those buildings which already
carrying the concept of modularity or already are built in modules.The case studies, both
conceptual and practical, are being done in India and outside of India (internet study).With the
help of the Indian standards the study of particular spaces are done of a particualr bulding type
for example the standards of offices, shops, housing units etc. are being studied.Also the
parking standards and site standards are being done.

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The study tries to have a systematic approach of applying the modular systems in same or
various types of spaces in any building and to upcoming with the probelems of cost
effectiveness, space consumption, environment friendly etc. and how in modern time modular
designing can overcome these problems.
Today modular designing is used in many part of countries in every aspect and type of
buildings. It helps in reducing the cost of construction as the mostly construction is been done
in the factories and only the installation work is done on site. Rather than using this concept in
commercial or other activities it is majorly use in making the residential apartments either
lowrise , midrise or highrise. Modularity creates value but its not free .There are the costs of
making an interdependent system modular. The process of modularizing a complex system is
generally a lengthy, pain-stacking for every important design dependency must be understood
and addressed via a design rule.
Research methodology chart

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. MODULAR ARCHITECTURE
2.1 ARCHITCETURE STYLE
Architecture can be categorize in many ways where modular is also a style of architecture.
Practically fully modular architecture very much rare and almost all architecture styles are in
somewhere between them.On one hand, modular architecture has functionally de-coupled
interfaces between components. In practice, this often leads to architecture that is one, where
the functional elements in the building are mapped one-to-one to the components of the design.
However, an integral architecture is the opposite of modular architecture. Integral architecture
has coupled interfaces between components. It tends to have more complex (not one-to-one)
mapping from functional elements in the function structure to the components of the design.
2.2 MODULES & MODULARITY
A separable component, frequently one that is interchangeable with others, for assembly into
units of different sizes, complexity or function.Modularity means using the same module in
multiple configurations enabling a large variety of designs without using many component
types. This modularity brings several advantages such as reduced capital requirements and
economies. Modularity is especially advantageous when the scale and scope of the project are
relatively large. In such cases, it is a practical and economic option.
Modular architecture is also a component based system in which components are assembled to
make the entire building. When a design is "modularized" the elements of the design are split
up and assigned to modules according to a recognized architecture or plane Modular design is
an attempt to combine the advantages of standardization (high volume implies low
manufacturing costs) with those of customization.
Modularity can be characterized by:
• Functional separating into reusable modules consisting of isolated, self- contained
functional elements - Dividing the project in discrete modules of appropriate scale with
specific function dedicated to each of them.

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Fig. 2.1 Modular units in a housing
• Laborious use in the different modular interfaces - There can be many cases in which the
modules designed can be used apart from the particular purpose for they were designed.
• In case of a correction/ change only the desired module will be interrupted as it will not be
directly related to any of the other modules
• Use of industry standards for key interfaces — the modules formed might be standardized
so that they can be used in future projects with/ without any change Even though it makes the
process easier, it limits the creativity.
In general, modularization serves three purposes, any of which may justify an investment in
modularity:
• Modularity makes complexity practicable - Dividing the project into a number of smaller
units which are easier to handle.
•Modularity enables parallel work - The work can be divided so no individual gets the burden
of everything.
•Modularity is tolerant of improbability - Particular elements of a modular design may be
changed after the fact and in unforeseen ways as long as the design rules are obeyed.
The process of modularizing a complex system is generally a lengthy, pain-staking process.
For every important design dependency must be understood. There has to be rules set before
to design a module so that it can attach with other modules and is self-sustainable if some of
the adjacent modules are removed/changed. So the modules thus generated are independent as
well as inter-dependent.

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2.4 MODULAR PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS
Modular buildings and modular homes are a type of sectional prefabricated buildings,
or houses, that consist of multiple sections called modules. "Modular" is a method of
construction different from other methods of building. The module sections are constructed at
an off-site facility, then delivered to the offered site of use. Complete construction of the
prefabricated sections are completed on site. The prefabricated sections are sometimes lifted
and placed on basement walls using a crane, the module prefabricated sections are set onto the
building's foundation and joined together to make a single building. The modules can be placed
side-by-side, end-to-end, or stacked, allowing a wide variety of configurations and styles in the
building layout.
Fig. 2.2 On site installation of a building module units

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2.1 MIXEDUSE
2.1.1 ORIGIN
Mixed use is one of the ten principles of smart Growth , a design strategy that seeks to short-
term community design and development that serves the economy, community, public health,
and the environment.
The term may also be used more specifically to refer to a mixed-use real estate development
project a building, complex of buildings, or district of a town or city that is developed for
mixed-use by a private developer, governmental agency, or a combination thereof.
Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with
industrialization as well as the invention of the skyscraper, governmental zoning regulations
were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas.
2.1.2 MIXEDUSE CONCEPT IN INDIA
Mixed land use projects tend to give better revenues as against standalone projects. Depending
on the size and location, a developer has to take numerous approvals from various regulatory
bodies, which results in delays and hits timely delivery of projects. Also, there are chances of
unruly developments on mixed use area, so the distribution of different types of land within
each zone should specify appropriate division to avoid such lawless developments.
The only danger is that once an area is identified for mixed use, the risk of ungovernable
development increases, which defeats the purpose of planned mixed use. To avoid such a
scenario it is important to have sections to specify the percentage distribution of different types
of land uses. Many state governments have laws which require the percentage of area for
residential projects and the percentage for commercial activity; but these laws do not oversee
the kind of shops that will come up there.
Since the movement of opting for residences in the outskirts has started, it is also our
responsibility to see to it that the basic amenities are made approachable to customers. In our
projects, we have maintained that people get good shopping destinations that gel with their
lifestyle. Instead of putting many shops, we prefer to place a select few of repute.
Developers have realized the potential of such places and that is a reason the Delhi NCR is
busy with such projects. The potential of mixed use development in certain areas of the NCR
like Noida-Greater Noida Expressway, NH 24, etc., is very good. As people are increasingly
moving to these areas, the attention of people will increase exponentially once good mixed use
developments are developed.

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There is a provision for mixed land use only in Yamuna Authority. Yamuna Authority is allotting
mixed land use plots in SDZ (Special Development Zone) for core activities like service sector,
commercial, residential, industrial, etc. For Noida and Greater Noida, we are planning to launch
mixed land use plots for various activities. Though, in the initial stages, it may look that these
mixed use developments take time to develop, in the medium and long-term, these townships
develop faster since they have options of healthcare, retail, commercial, residential and
educational institutions.
2.1.3 FORM & STRUCTURE
Mixed land use development can take four general forms:-
1. It can be a combination of different low and high rise structures on a single site with retail
on ground level with residential units above in one structure and office space above one in
another structure.
Fig. 3.1 Combination of different low and high rise structure

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2. It can be two or more high rise structures on a single site with each structure holding a
different use which includes office building, residential towers and hotel.
Fig. 3.2 Two more high rise structure
3. It can be a single midrise structure on a single site typically in an urban setting with retail
on ground, then residents on above floor and office area is laid upon them.
Fig. 3.3 Single midrise structure
4. It can be a single high rise structure on single site that contains two or more uses
integrated into the structure in which retail on street level with offices above them and either
residential units or hotel spaces over the office spaces.

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Fig. 3.4 Single high rise structure
2.1.4 MAINTENANCE/UPGRADATION
• No interdependence among spaces.
• What are the factors affecting the expansion/extension of the building?
• Can it be used to design spaces which may change its usage after a period of time?
Finally, there will be case studies which would help in understanding the theory and its
practical applications in different contexts and variety of solutions.
2.1.5 ACTIVITY TYPES
 Residential Apartments
 Office Suites
 Studio Apartments
 Luxury Hotels
 Commercial-Retail shopping brands

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 Exhibition and Art Gallery
 Multiplex
 Observing floors in the top of iconic tower
 Parking
2.1.5 IMPACTS
o Environment impact of Mixed use
• Indorsing multiplicity of land use could put an extra burden on infrastructure.
• Redefining the built environment.
• Cities can be made more compact reducing the need of long distance travels
• Housing large number of peoples in few buildings can create well-knit and close
communities.
• Use of mass public transportation and minimizing the use of personal vehicles.
o Social impact of Mixed use
• People will get good quality of life in totality including travelling, education,
shopping and entertainment.
• Compact neighbourhoods
• Mixing land uses yields socio-economic benefits and therefore has a positive effect on
housing values.
• Activating the declined zones through mixing the residential uses, public institutions
and commercial activities

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o Economic impact of Mixed use
* Construction of mixeduse building is expected to cost in millions, general of
residential, commercial and parking portions.
*This activity will generate additional jobs and activity in the surrounding region.
* Some impacts, mainly related to the construction of the building, are obvious and
relatively easy to quantify. Other impacts related to the economic activity of
residentials and commercial tenants is difficult to predict because those predictions
depend on on future factors that cannot be foreseen.
2.1.6 PARAMETERS
As mixed use development offering Residents, Serviced Apartments, Hotels, Shopping
Mall, Office Spaces and Recreational spaces. Mixed use development and its benefits
redefine this project as an Epicentre.
Fig. 3.5 Mixed use parameters

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Some parameters of mixed use development:
- To promotes active transport between different activities by locating origins and
destinations close to each other and reduces transportation cost(fuel cost).
- To encourage social interaction between different groups of peoples.
- To include a range of employment, education, recreation and retail transport.
- To achieve TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (T.O.D.)

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CHAPTER 3
LIBRARY STUDY AND CASE STUDY
3.1 HIGH RISE BUILDING
3.1.1 SERVICE CORES
Service core position is of central importance in the design of the tall building. The
service core not only has structural ramifications, it also affects the thermal performance of the
building and its views, and it determines which parts of the peripheral walls will become
openings and which parts will comprise external walls.
CENTRAL CORE DOUBLE CORE SINGLED-SIDE CORE
Fig. 3.1 Service Cores
DOUBLE CORE HAS MANY BENEFIT
In the tropics, cores should preferably be located on the hot east and
west-sides of the building. Studies have shown that minimum air-
conditioning loads result from using the double-core configuration in
which the window openings run north and south, and thecores are placed
on the east and west sides. The same considerations apply in temperate
zones.
Fig. 3.2 Double core

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3.1.1.1 Orientation
Tall buildings are exposed to the full impact of external temperatures and radiant heat.
Accordingly, the overall building orientation has an important bearing on energy conservation.
In temperate zone openings facing north and south gives the greatest advantages in reducing
insulation (and the resulting air-conditioning load).
It frequently happens that the geometry of the site does not coincide with sun path geometry.
In these cases, the other built elements may, if expedient for planning purposes, follow the site
geometry.
Typical floor window openings should generally face the direction of least insulation (north
and south in the tropics).Corner-shading adjustments or shaping may need to be done for sites
further north or south of the tropics or for non-conformity of the building plan to the solar path.
3.1.1.2. Window Opening
Generally, window openings should orientate north and south unless important views require
other orientations. If required for aesthetic reasons, curtain walling may be used on non-solar
facing facades. On other faces of the building some form of solar shading is required, while the
quality of light entering spaces should also be transitional spaces can have adjustable glazing
at the other face so that balconies or recesses can act as 'sun spaces', collecting solar heat, like
a greenhouse or conservatory.
3.1.1.3. Balconies
Deep recesses may provide shade on the building's hot sides. A window can be totally recessed
to form a balcony or a small sky court that can serve a number of functions besides shading.
Placing balconies on hot elevations permits glazing to these areas to be full-height clear panels.
These can give access to the balcony spaces which can serve as evacuation spaces, as large
terraces for planting and landscaping, and as flexible zones for the addition of future facilities.
3.1.1.4. Transitional Spaces
Large multi-storey transitional spaces might be introduced in the central and peripheral parts
of the building as air spaces and atriums. These serve as 'in-between' zones located between

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the interior and the exterior. They should function like the verandah ways of the old shop
houses or the porches of early nineteenth-century masonry houses of the tropics.
Atriums should not be totally enclosed but should be placed in this in-between space. Their
tops could be shielded by a louvered roof to encourage wind-flow through the inner areas of
the building. These may also be designed to function as wind scoops to control natural
ventilation to the inner parts of the building.
NORTH SOUTH ORIENTATION RECESSES MULTI-STOREYTRANSITIONAL SPACES
Fig. 3.3 Transitional Spaces
3.1.1.5. Walls
External walls should be regarded as permeable, environmentally interactive membranes with
adjustable openings (rather than as a sealed skin). In temperate climates the external wall has
to serve very cold winters and hot summers. In this case, the external wall should be filter-like,
with variable parts that provide good insulation but are open able in warm periods. In the tropics
the external wall should have moveable parts that control and enable good cross-ventilation for
internal comfort, provide solar protection, regulate wind-driven rain, besides facilitating rapid
discharge of heavy rainfall.
3.1.1.6. Plan
The building plan, in addition to responding to the commercial intentions of the building should
reflect the patterns of life and culture of the place, and its climate. In part this involves an
understanding of the spatial modalities of the people, the way they work, the way culture

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arranges privacy and community. The plan should also reflect air movement through the spaces
and the provision of sunlight into the building.
3.1.1.7. Work spaces
Work spaces, even in a high-rise commercial development, have to have some degree of
humanity, some degree of interest and some use of scale. For example, large sky courts and
terraces might function as communal spaces as well as means of ventilation for the upper parts
of the building.
3.1.1.8. Relationship to the Street
The ground floor in the tropics should preferably be open to the outside and naturally ventilated.
The relationship of the ground floor to the street is also important. The introduction of the
indoor atrium at the ground floor may mean the demise of street life. Freestanding fortress-like
buildings also tend to separate the building from the pavement, further alienating the street.
Planting and landscaping should be used not only for their ecological and aesthetic benefits,
but also to cool buildings. Planting should be introduced as vertical landscaping to faces and
inner courts of upper parts of tall buildings. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and generate oxygen,
benefiting the building and its surroundings.
Relationship to the street: –
Open-to-sky Ground Floor Vertical Landscaping
Fig. 3.4 Relationship of influencing factors

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3.1.2. STRUCTURES
3.1.2.1. Raft foundation
Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the
entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close
together and individual pad foundations would interact.
Fig. 3.5 Details of Raft foundation
A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded
area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation. Raft foundations
have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential
movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low
bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area.
Fig. 3.6 Details of Raft foundation

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Raft or mat foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure
and supports all walls columns.
Raft foundation is generally suggested in the following situations:
 Whenever building loads are so heavy or the allowable pressure on soil so small that
individual footing would cover more than floor area.
 Whenever soil contains compressible lenses or the soil is sufficiently erratic and it is
difficult to define and assess the extent of each of the weak pockets or cavities and thus
estimate the overall and differentia settlement
 When structures and equipment to be supported are very sensitive to differential
settlement.
Buildings where basements are to be provided or pits located below ground water table.
Buildings where individual foundation ,if provided will be subjected to large widely varying
bending moments which may results in differential rotation and differential settlement of
individual footings causing distress in the building.
3.1.2.2. Pile Raft Foundation:
A pile is a column of concrete either cast in or driven into the ground to transfer loads through
the poor bearing soil to a more stable stratum. The piles support reinforced concrete beams off
which load bearing wall are built.
Fig. 3.7 Details of pile raft foundation

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•The soil near the surface doesn’t have sufficient bearing capacity (weak) to support the
structural loads.
• The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits
• Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-uniform structural loads is excessive
• Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a firm soil are difficult or expensive.
3.1.2.3. Shear Wall
Shears wall are Reinforced concrete walls used in buildings in addition to slabs, beams and
columns as vertical support. Shears walls generally start at foundation level and are continuous
throughout the building height. Their thickness can in ≤150mm to ≥ 400mm in high rise
buildings. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of buildings. They are
like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.
Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill-effects of twist in
buildings. Shear walls are more effective when located along exterior perimeter of the building
such a layout increases resistance of the building to twisting.

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Shear walls are oblong in cross-section, i.e., one dimension of the cross-section is much
larger than the other. While rectangular cross-section is common, L- and U-shaped sections
are also used. Thin-walled hollow RC shafts round the elevator core of buildings also act as
shear walls, and should be taken advantage of to resist earthquake forces.
Under the large overturning effects caused by horizontal earthquake forces, edges of shear
walls experience high compressive and tensile stresses. To ensure that shear walls behave in a
ductile way, concrete in the wall end regions must be reinforced in a special manner to
sustain these load reversals without losing strength.

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3.1.3. STAIRS:
Stairs governed by building regulations must have a width of 1m. Landing length =n times
the length of tread + one depth of step. The time required for complete evacuation must be
calculated for stair widths in office buildings. Every main staircase must be set in its own
continuous stairwell, which together with its access routes and exit to open air, should be
designed and arranged so as to ensure its safe use as an emergency exit.
Fig. 3.11 Stairs Details
3.1.4. Lifts :
The building and its function dictate the basic types of lift which
need to be provided. They serve as means of vertical Transport
for passengers and patients. While designing buildings one
should be planned in such a way that even 10yrs lifts are capable
of meeting the increase demand. Alternations to installations
that have been badly or too-cheaply planned can be expensive
or even completely impossible. During the planning stage the
likely usage should be closely examined.
Fig. 3.12 Panoramic lift
An important requirement in providing an elevator service for a building is the location of the
elevators (in one or more groups, depending on the size of the building) in relation to access
from the entrances and also in relation to the layout of the upper floors. Since elevator shafts

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are normally vertical, their location on plan imposes a major constraint on every floor of the
building. If the building is not of uniform height, at least one elevator group must be located in
the tallest portion.
The main criteria for the design of an elevator group can be
Summarized under a few headings:
•Capacity to handle the passengers as they arrive, with minimum queuing, expressed as a
percentage of the total building population that can be handled in the peak 5-minute period.
•Frequency to provide an available car for arriving passengers without excessive waiting,
expressed as the average time interval between cars.
•Car size to handle the largest items required to be carried, for example, an occasional item of
furniture, or a hospital bed with attendant, or a group of hotel guests with their baggage.
•Speed of total trip, so that passengers do not perceive the total service as excessively slow.
Automatic, multi-functions lifts shall be provided for multi-story buildings.
•A minimum of two passenger lifts with separate access, each 1,250 kg shall serve the office
floors.
•Lift engine room will be located above the top floor.
•Lifts should be traction type, and not hydraulic if possible. Hydraulic is very slow and higher
maintenance.
•Buildings that are furnished with loading docks should evaluate installing a separate freight
elevator to handle received materials.
•Maintenance equipment access to the roof should be evaluated based campus.

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3.1.5. Fire Fighting:
Fire is supported by three essential ingredients, fuel, heat and oxygen. The absence of any of
these causes fire to be extinguished. The firefighting system must be appropriate to the location
of the fire and preferably limited to the area in order to minimize damage to plants and building
structure. Radiation from fire may prove combustion to combustible material at some distance.
Firefighting implies the ability of building element to fulfill their assigned functions under
condition if maximum severity of exposure to heat expected to occur in the building. It is a
measure of:
• Resistance to collapse
• Resistance to flame penetration.
• Resistance to excessive temperature rise on the unexposed face.
3.1.5.1. Fire Control
Detection and alarm system:
 Smoke detectors
 Heat detectors
 Manual system
 Automatic alarm
3.1.5.2. Heat Sensitive Detection System
Heat sensitive detection system provides automatic sprinklers, alarm and control. It is basically
a nozzle with an orifice fitted with a flow control device and a deflector that will distribute
water over a green area. When the bulb is heated, the liquid expands, absorbing the bubble of
air and breaking the bulb, releasing the sprinkler cap.
Sprinklers are designed to real ease at various temperatures ranging from 57degree C to 260
degree C. Maintenance of water pressure, Water from appropriate supply is fed to an
automatically controlled pump and to main control valve of the system. Above this is the alarm
valve, which is kept closed by the trapped pressure of water. When sprinkler operates this
pressure falls and the valve opens and excess water flows up a vertical riser to a main distributor
pipe at each ceiling.

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3.1.5.3. Smoke Sensitive Detection System
• The system detects the fire with the help of smoke and then alarm automatically initiated
control of fire is done manually. Detector to be sited at highest parts of enclosed area, so
mounted that sensitive area is not less than 25mm or more then 600mm below the roof ceiling.
• Inlet of each returns air ducts shall have a detector on its center, if continuous inlet detector
at every room of its length.
3.1.5.4. Fire alarm system
There are two types of fire alarms system:
1. Manual systems- Manual call point is manually operated device to initiate an alarm. They
are made of sturdy M.S. enclosure and provided with a hammer to break the glass to initiate as
alarm.
2. Automatic fire alarm system – These are connected to detectors which on sensing some
exposure to heat or smoke direct the alarm system to initiate automatically.
3.1.5.5. Fixed Fire Fighting Installation
Automatic sprinklers
Automatic sprinklers protect high fire risk public and manufacturing buildings. These may be
a statuary requirement if the building exceeds the volume of 7000 cum. Sprinkler water outlets
are located at about 3m centers, usually at ceiling level and spray water in a circular pattern. A
deflector plate directs the water jet over the hazard or onto walls or the structure.
Each sprinkler has a frame containing a colored liquid for leak detection, which seals the water
inlet. Upon local overheating the quartz expands the fractures, releasing the spray. Water flow
is detected and starts an alarm, pressure boosting set and automatic link to the fire brigade
monitoring station.
Sprinklers should be installed in:
•Basements used as car parks or storage occupancy, if the area exceeds 200 sq.m.
•Multi-level basements, used as car parks and housing essential services ancillary to a particular
occupancy or for storage occupancy, excluding any to be used for sub-station, A.C. plant and
DG set.

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Fire escape staircase:
These are stairs used for escaping during fire. They can be used for general public as vertical
circulation or as service stairs otherwise in the building.
According to NBC:
•No space in an office building should be more than 30mts from the fire escape stairs.
•Fire escape stairs could be either open to air or should have blower system to suck out air from
the stairs area in case of fire.
• All fire escapes should terminate in an open area or near the entrance in the ground floor.
3.1.5.6. Means Of Escape:
 The only sound basis for designing means of escape from first is to attempt to locate
the position of all possible sources of outbreak of fire and to predict the courses
which might thereafter be allowed by the fire as it develops. The main stairways were
developed in smoke at the end of seven minutes.
 All corridors were impassable after 16 minutes.
 The emergency staircases remain passable due to self-closing fire doors.
 To remove smoke, fresh air should be introduced at each level.
Fig. 3.13 Signage for fire safety

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 A corridor 10m length that is filled with smoke cannot be used to get to an enclosed
stairway.
 Tests show that removal of smoke as one of the most important fire protection
problems.
3.1.6. PARKING
3.1.6. 1. Ramp Break Over Angle:
The ramp break over angle is the measure of ability of the car to break over a steep ramp,
either climbing or descending, without scraping.
Angle of Departure:
A reasonable minimum value is necessary to reduce the incidence of tailpipe and rear bumper
dragging. The standard calls for a minimum of 10 degrees, violated only in the 1957-1959
period. Only one 1970 car, Mercury, met the minimum standard. Most cars are substantially
above 10 degrees. The most critical condition is at driveways where the apron is steep, or a
combination of excessive crown to gutter and apron slope.
Angle of Approach
The trend of approach angle of domestic cars from 1948 to 1962 indicates a drop in the
1957-1959 periods below 15 degrees. The standard developed in 1960 by the Society of
Automotive Engineers calls for a minimum value of 15 degrees.
Ramp Slopes
The maximum ramp slope should be 20 percent. For slopes over 10 percent, a transition at
least 8 ft. long should be provided at each end of the ramp at one half the slope of the ramp
itself.
3.1.6. 2. Driveway Exits
A ramped driveway exit rising up to a public sidewalk must have a transition section that is
almost level (maximum slope: 5 percent) before intersecting the sidewalk to prevent the hood
of the car from obscuring the driver's view of pedestrians on the walk. This transition should
be 16 ft. long.

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Property line walls should also be regulated so as not to interfere with the driver's view of
pedestrians on a public sidewalk. Wherever an exit driveway is parallel and adjacent to a
property line wall which extends all the way of a sidewalk, the edge of the driveway should
be physically established, by curb or railing, at least 6 ft from that wall. For each foot that the
wall is held back from the sidewalk, the required distance between driveway and wall may be
reduced by one foot.
3.1.6. 3. Parking Lot Layout Considerations:
The objective of the layout design is to maximize the number of stalls, while following
the guidelines below.
•The layout of the parking facility must be flexible enough to adapt to future changes in vehicle
dimensions.
•The stall and aisle dimensions must be compatible with the type of operation planned
for the facility.
The critical dimensions are the width and length of stalls, the width of aisles, the angle of
parking, and the radius of turns. All of these dimensions are related to the vehicle dimensions
and performance characteristics. In recent years there have been a number of changes in
vehicle dimensions.
An impact on the design of parking facilities. For the near future, a wide mix of vehicle sizes
should be anticipated. There are three approaches for handling the layout:
1. Design all spaces for large-size vehicles (about 6 feet wide and 17-18 ft long).
2. Design some of the spaces for large vehicles and some for small vehicles (these are about
5 ft. wide and 14-15 ft. long).
3. Provide a layout with intermediate dimensions (too small for large vehicles and too big for
small vehicles).
For design, it is customary to work with stalls and aisles in combinations called "modules". A
complete module is one access aisle servicing a row of parking on each side of the aisle. The
width of an aisle is usually 12 to 26 feet depending on the angle at which the parking stalls are
oriented.
Stall Width: For simplicity, the stall width is measured perpendicular to the vehicle, not
parallel to the aisle. If the stall is placed at an angle of less than 90o
, then the width parallel to
the aisle will increase while the width perpendicular to the vehicle will remain the same.
Stall Length: The length of the stall should be large enough to accommodate most of the
vehicles. The length of the stall refers to the longitudinal dimension of the stall. When the stall
is rotated an angle of less than 90o
, the stall depth perpendicular to the aisle increases up to 1
foot or more. It should be noted that the effective stall depth depends on the boundary
conditions of the module, which could include walls on each side of the module, curbs with or

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For parking at angles of less than 90o
, front bumper overhangs beyond the curbing are generally
reduced with decreasing angle and, for example, drop to about 2 feet at 45o
angles.
Fig. 3.14 Parking lot layouts
3.1.6. 4. Inter Lock Module
A special type of module, the interlock, is possible at angles below 90o
. There are two types of
interlock. The most common, and preferable, type is the bumper-to-bumper arrangement. The
second type, the "herringbone" interlock, can be used at 45o
and is produced by adjacent sides
having one way movements in the same direction. This arrangement requires the bumper of
one car to face the fender of another car. Figure 8-3 shows several different module layouts
that are commonly used.
Fig. 3.14 Parking interlock module

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Fig. 3.15 parking layout
3.1.6. 5. Comparing Angle Efficiencies :
The relative efficiencies of various parking angles can be compared by looking at the number
of square feet required per car space (including the prorated area of the access aisle and
entrances). Where the size and shape of the tract is appropriate, both the 90o
and the 60o
parking
layouts tend to require the smallest area per car space. In typical lot layouts for large size
vehicles, the average overall area required (including cross aisles and entrances) ranges
between 310 and 330 square feet/car. A very flat angle layout is significantly less efficient than
other angles.

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3.1.6. 6. One-Way Aisles
There are many conditions where one-way aisles are desirable. With parking angles less than
90o
, drivers can be restricted to certain directions. However, the angle should usually be no
greater than 75o
. Drivers may be tempted to enter the parking aisles and stalls from the wrong
direction when the stall angle is too large.
3.1.6. 7. Multi-Level Car Parking :
Car sales, close to 8 lakhs units a year, are growing at an average rate of 10 per cent while two-
wheeler sales at 5 million are expected to grow 14-15 per cent. In order to accommodate the
large volume of vehicles, small cities and towns must develop their infrastructure - roads,
flyovers, car parks and other facilities. Otherwise their arteries are most likely to get clogged
like they do in big and mini metros.
Fig. 3.16 Multi-Level Car Parking
One solution may be a multi-level car parking system to maximize car parking capacity by
utilizing vertical space, rather than expand horizontally. Although at a nascent stage in India,
it is one of the options to decongest roads and solve parking problems.

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3.2. OFFICES :
The idea that the working environment should be enjoyed, rather than suffered is becoming
more important recently, because most works are professionals or managers with a very hectic
schedule. Today's corporate clients demand new offices & facilities with designs focused not
only on the building appearance but also on critical workspace issues.
Different workspace options are discussed here:
1. THE VAST OPEN PLAN
Advantages of centre core: -It allows all window space to be utilized
as rentable office space. Central location permits offices of varying
depths to receive natural light. The central location is also extremely
convenient in terms of access and in some cases may be equidistant for
all sides. This simplifies area division and provides good flexibility of
tenant distribution.
Disadvantage:-The central interior location limits the depth of offices in
the mid zone of each floor, thus affecting the element of flexibility in
office layout. Central core requires an access corridor around its perimeter
hence results consuming floor area.
Fig. 3.21 Vast open plan
2. CLUSTER OPEN PLAN
Advantages: - The off-centre interior core permits all window or
building perimeter space to be used for offices. However, it presents
somewhat more flexibility in maximum depth and arrangement of
spaces. This can be particularly desirable where large open spaces
such as secretarial or clerical pools are required. It also affords the
opportunity of developing small secluded spaces in the relatively
narrow portion of the floor plan where the core is closest to the
exterior walls
Fig. 3.22 Cluster open plan

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3. CLOSED PLAN
Closed office is such a design that center part is used as atrium,
service core and waiting lobby around which workstation are
arrange such that each unit get proper lighting this results in
virtually eliminates the need for a peripheral corridor on the core.
Access to this core is from the area between its split elements and
not from the area around its edges and also permits more
flexibility of floor-area division, leaving even the area
immediately adjacent to the core available for office.
Fig. 3.23 Closed plan
3.2.1. Workstation Layout
Fig. 3.24 Workstation layout

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Fig. 3.25 Workstation layout
3.2.2. Office Layout:
Office layout is based upon a module derived from standard furniture and equipment
and required necessary clearance.
 For large offices- planning unit is based on one desk and chair and is thus 5‟x6‟.
 For private offices- a planning module 4‟X5‟ works well.

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3.2.3. Office Planning :
OFFICE PLANNING In the modern office buildings the open office planning plays an
important role. Especially in case of IT firms, their work environment demands that there is
more interaction among the employees and the authorities are easily accessible. Such offices
therefore prefer open office planning.
•Different types of office spaces with different kinds of use can be provided in one office
building by placing the core asymmetrically
•Desks ore placed at distance of 6' from the front of a desk to the desk behind it. This distance
should be 7' when desks are in rows of two.
•In private offices the desk should be positioned to afford the occupant a view of the door.
Other Planning Considerations
•Heavy equipment generally should be placed against walls or columns in order to avoid floor
overloading.
•Do not obstruct exits, corridors or stairways comply with fire safety codes governing aisles,
exits, etc.
•Employees performing close work should be in the best-lighted areas. Glaring surfaces which
affect vision should be identified and corrected.
•Be safety conscious. Do not obstruct exits, corridors, or stairways. Comply with fire safety
codes governing aisles, exits, etc.
•Where frequent interviews with the general public are required, as in personnel offices, the
use of interview cubicles should be considered. Such cubicles need only be large enough for
the interviewer, the applicant, and a small desk or table.
•In operations which require employees to work away from their office, with only infrequent
visits there to file reports, etc ., consideration should be given to assigning two or more
employees to each desk .
•Design an office having enough space not merely to seat its employees, but to locate ancillary
and support services, from the stately boardroom to the humble pantry, as well as for circulation
between these areas, with adequate access to stairs and fire escapes. Plan a space, keeping in
mind the planned growth and future requirements. This will prevent unnecessary wastage
of materials and labour.

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Size of Private Offices
Minimum of 100sq.ft and maximum of 300sq.ft depending on the occupants requirement.
Sizes of Semi Private Offices
The semi-private office is a room ranging in size from 150 sq.ft. to 400 sq.ft occupied by two
or more individuals. These offices can be enclosed by ceiling height, three quarter high or bank
type partitions.
3.2.4. Circulation :
This is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to work stations. The size
of an aisle should be governed by the amount of traffic it bears. The following standards with
regard to internal circulation will be applied in space planning surveys:
•Aisles between rows of desks (secondary aisles) should be approx 36” wide.
•Aisles which carry moderate amount of traffic (intermediate aisles) should be 48” wide.
•Aisles leading to main exits from areas which carry substantial traffic (main aisles) should be
60” wide.
Convenience to public: Departments frequented by visitors should have short and direct and
convenient access from main entrance. it provides convenient access to the visitors but also it
offers the least disturbance to the work of employees.
Flow of work: Departments having the closest working connections should be placed together.
It’s results in increase in efficiency of work.
Equipment used: Departments requiring the use of special equipment like extensive wiring,
plumbing or ventilation should be placed in such a way that future expansion doesn't require
expensive on equipment alterations. Two such departments should not be located together.
Centralized functions: Sections and functions that serve the entire office shouldbe centrally
located and easily accessible. Rest rooms, water fountains, supply cabinets, central file rooms,
etc. should be adequate in number and easily located.
Conference rooms: Conference and training rooms should be reasonably near those
departments that use them the most. If office is air -conditioned, the room can be in the interior
of the space to eliminate the distraction of windows and to provide more wall display area.
Service Facilities: Eating, medical, and lounge facilities are generally on the lower floors to
reduce elevator traffic. The number and type of employees in a particular department might be
considered in locating it near these facilities.

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Special Rooms Allowance: Depending on the type of business, offices will require rooms of
a size matched to their use.
These will include:
The more common rooms will have the following typical space allotments, based on their use
by 15 people.
Reception room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.Square feet
Waiting or interviewing room . . . . . . . . . 200. Square feet
Conference room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500. Square feet
3.2.5. Reception areas and visitor control
Visitors receive their first impression of an organization from the decor and layout of the
reception area. It should be attractive, nest, business like, and above all, adequate to
accommodate normal visitor traffic. An allowance of 10 sqft for each visitor to be served may
be used for space allocation. For example, if space is required for a total of five visitors at any
given time, a total of 50 sqft should be used in planning the space. Size, decor, and equipment
will depend largely on the type and volume of visitor traffic; thus special planning will be
required to meet specific needs. The receptionist should be placed so as to command a clear
view of those entering and be easily accessible to visitors.
Conferences are best conducted in space designed for that purpose. Conference space should
not be provided in private offices. In lieu of large offices, it is desirable to provide a conference
room adjoining the office of a top official who holds a large number of conferences and nearby
conference rooms for officials with more limited requirements. Separate conference rooms
permit maximum utilization through scheduling at an appropriate level of management. Where
feasible, training and conference requirements should be pooled and conference space used as
auxiliary office area for visitors.
Fig. 3.27 Reception and office standards

48
Location of Conference Rooms
The conference room should be centrally located to the user‟s .Interior space, which is not
the most desirable for office purposes, is well suited for Conference use. This location
eliminates outside distraction and the need for window coverings during visual presentations.
Access to conference rooms should be through corridors or through reception areas.
•A conference hall or conference room is a room provided for singular events such as
business conferences. Conference rooms can be windowless for security purposes.
•Average space required 2.5sq.m per person.
•A minimum of 48 inches or 121.9cm is suggested from the edge of the table to the wall or
the nearest obstruction.
•The actual dimensions of the conference table are a function of the number of people to be
seated.
•The conference room shall be centrally located to the users.
•Access to conference rooms should be through the corridors or through reception area.
•Traditional lecture theatre formats with the audience focused towards the platforms on
which provision for speakers is provided, served by range of audio visual aids.
•The speakers is the controlling point with audience in a receptive role, slide, film and video
projection limit the extent of encirclement of the platforms.
• Participation by each member of the audience suggests the debating formats: u-shape, semicircle,
fan-shape controlled by a chairman.
3.2.6 Conference room
Fig. 3.28 Conference rooms

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Platforms:
Height depends upon hall capacity and sight lines.
•300mm up to 150 seating capacity.
•600mm from 150 to 300.
•750mm above 300
3.3. RESTAURANTS :
A restaurant prepares and serves food and drink to customers. Meals are generally served and
eaten on premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services.
Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of cuisines and
service models.
Fig. 3.31 Small restaurant
Fig. 3.32 Sitting standard

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3.3.1. Interior and External lighting
Window sizes for work spaces window size must be 1/20 of the surface area of floor in work
space or the total width of all the windows must amount to at least 1/10 of the total width of
all the walls, i.e. 1/10(M+N+O+P). For workrooms which are 3.5 m or more high its 30% of
total perimeter of outer wall.
The supply and installation of the complete lighting system as follows:
a) Enclosed rooms shall utilize motion detection switches to control lighting and turn off
lights when rooms are unoccupied.
b) The light distribution system shall be zoned in large areas and controlled manually and
automatically as part of the building management system.
c) Light fittings with high efficiency should be used, and Company A desires to have
influence on the final choice of light fittings and the associated choice of light sources.
d) All conference rooms shall be equipped with ultrasonic motion detectors for switching on
and off general lighting when the room is occupied and unoccupied respectively.
e) External lighting shall be controlled by time clocks and/or photocells, with manual over-ride
facilities.
f) Emergency lighting shall be as per local codes and regulations.
•Facade, working, evacuation and emergency lighting will be provided.
•Fluorescent high energy efficient lighting fixtures with suitable distribution curve will be used
for offices, cultural and social premises, corridors, lobbies, and information and security areas.
•5 Lux (min.) Emergency lighting shall be provided for all access/egress routes to exits.
•Exit signs shall either be externally or internally illuminated and placed per local code
requirements.
•Interior and external light levels shall conform to local codes and regulation.
3.3.2. Air Handling Units (AHU)
These are for distributing conditioned air from the ac plant to each floor and filtering the return
air. One AHU of 10 sets caters to 500 sq m of area. They contain centrifugal type fans that
pump air through ducts. The air is made to pass through filters to remove dust particles and
then over the chilled water tubes where its heat is transferred. This cooled dehumidified air is
drawn back through the suction side and pumped to the rooms through ducts. All the AHU‟s
are provided with tap and floor drain also.

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Ducts are provided throughout the building to transfer conditioned air from the AHU‟s to the
spaces. The ducts are rectangular sections made of galvanized sheet steel. The ducts are made
to run above the false ceiling. Ducts used in the building are generally of depth of 300mm.
the width of duct varies depending on its distance from the AHU. The ducts close to the AHU
may be of 900mm width.
3.4 RETAIL
Shelf units in shops from which customers pick their own goods should be no higher than 1.8m
and no lower than 0.3m above floor level. Attention must be paid to circulation routes in larger
shops. They should begin at the trolley/basket pick-up and end at the check-outs. All shops
require some provision for the handling of goods. These needs may vary from off pavement
deliveries for small units to the complex operations carried out by large retail businesses.
Fig. 3.41 Shalves standards

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3.4.1. SHOPS
The walls, floors, counter tops and work surface in fishmongers, game and poultry shops and
butcher must be washable. Suitable materials therefore include marble, ceramic tiles, glass and
plastics.Fish perishes quickly and so must be kept chilled. It also smells strongly so
fishmongers‟ shops should be surrounded by air-curtains. Notes that smoked fish, unlike fresh
fish, must be stored in dry condition and provision must be made or this. The possibility of
large bulk deliveries should be taken into consideration . There may also be a need for an
aquarium to attract the eye.

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Game and poultry shops are sometimes part of fish shops and often stock only one day supply
of goods. They require a separate work room with facilities for plucking and scraping. As
poultry absorb smells, it must be stored separately both in the cold room and shop. Large
refrigerated compartments and display cases are needed.
Butchers shop should preferably be on one level and have trucks on rail or castor to allow
carcasses (which can weigh up to 200 kg) to be moved easily . Work rooms and cold rooms
should be one and a half to two times he size of the shop.
All fitting in the cold stores must be adequately protected against corrosion, due to the high
humidity level in these spaces.
The conflict in the fishmongers‟ and butchers‟ shop between balancing the requirement of
temperature for staff comfort (around 16degree C) and the display of provisions (-2degree C
to 0degree C). Can be dealt with by using directional fan heater , which blow warm air
toward staff and away from food, radiant heaters heating.
In addition, adequate ventilation is required for
the removal of smells. Fruits and vegetables are
need to be kept cool but not refrigerated.
Potatoes should be kept in dark rooms sales are
Mostly from delivery container and dirt trap and
refuses collector should provide below storage
racks.
Fig. 3.43 Circulation and counter

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3.4.2. Food Court
Food courts are large halls that house groups of small
outlets selling a wide variety of specialist food
products. Customers can either sit and eat on the
premises or take the food away. With attractive
displays and a market-style environment, food courts
offer a pleasant shopping environment and can be
added to supermarkets beyond the check-outs.
The produce is predominantly fresh or cooked on the
premises so storage space for one day trade is
adequate. Delivers are usually made early in the
morning.
A tropical food court might include a bakery, a butcher,
cafes and bars, a delicatessen snack bar, an ice-cream parlor
plus shops and counters selling sea food, fruit,
vegetables, flowers, beers wines, pizza, local specialties etc.
Fig. 3.45 Food court

57
CHAPTER 4
CASE STUDIES
 CASE STUDY I : HABITAT 67
Architect: Moshe Safdie Project type: Residential Area: 238000sq ft
Place: Montreal, Canada Year of completion: 1967
Fig. 3.46 HABITAT 67 Aerial view
This project validates that a single primitive shape that can be strategically gathered and
organized to create a lively set of unique private spaces while simultaneously allowing for
circulation and social public spaces.

58
Fig. 3.47 Plan
Fig. 3.48 Site Plan

59
Fig. 3.49 Unit plan
Fig. 3.50 Two storey unit

60
Fig. 3.51 View of HABITAT 67
Habitat 67 is formed using approximately 20x40x10ft concrete rectilinear volumes, which are
oriented and connected in specific ways to create varied apartments.
Fig. 3.52 Balcony diagram

61
Fig. 3.53 Section
Fig. 3.54 Isometric section

62
Fig. 3.55 At the time of construction
At the time of construction, these boxes were an experiment and ultimately a breakthrough in
pre-fabricated concrete. For this reason, all the boxes were uniformly mass produced, creating
the challenge of designing unique spaces with a single form. Safdie took on the further
challenge of giving each apartment a mini-paradise feeling through terraces and outdoor access.
The arrangements of the boxes was key to the realization of this goal as they directed the
circulation of each apartment. The accumulation of the blocks creates circulation and private
exterior spaces in a closely urban context.

63
 CASE STUDY II : Queen Alia interatonal airport
(A modular concept for future expansion)
Architect: Foster + Partners Place: Amman, Jordan
Area: 65,000 sq ft Type: Public building
Queen Alia International Airport is designed to serve as a main gateway to Amman.As it is
located in Amman where summer temperatures vary markedly between daytime and nighttime,
architects at Foster + Partners used concrete as a main material – high thermal mass provides
high passive environmental control.
Fig. 3.56 Bird eye view of Queen Alai airport

64
Fig. 3.57 Key plan
Fig. 3.58 Section
Its idealistic yet cellular architecture supports local building expertise and Amman’s climate,
therefore integrating strategies which successfully provide efficient passive design. Modular
and flexible concept of the terminal allows for future expansion, ensuring annual growth of

65
6% and increasing capacity from 3 million to 12.8 million passengers per year by 2030 – the
Airport is preordained to be the most important hub for Levant region.
Fig. 3.59 Modular Terrace
Fig. 3.6 Roof top view

66
Plants and trees in open-air courtyards filter pollution and prerequisite air before it is drawn
into the system. The large forecourt is designed as a landscaped plaza with seating in shade
and allows people to gather while welcoming recurring travelers.
Fig. 3.61 Interior view
To enable seamless expansion over time, each dome of the tessellated roof canopy is a
modular, semi-autonomous unit. They branch out from supporting columns like leaves of a
desert palm with the geometric pattern applied to each, representing the veins of a leaf.
All facades of the terminal are designed in glass, opening long views to the aircraft. Central
building of the terminal contains main areas and public contents – shops, lounges and
restaurants.

67
 CASE STUDY III: Customizable Housing Tower in India
Architect: Penda
Area: 36000 sq m
Project year: 2015
Penda has released the plans for their first project in India. It relies on modular building system,
the Pooja Crafted Homes will allow residents of Vijayawada to design their own high-rise
apartment by selecting prefabricated modules from a catalogue that will then be inserted into
the tower's frame.
Fig. 3.61 Housing tower

68
Fig. 3.62 View Fig. 3.63 Side view
Fig. 3.64 Structural Framework

69
Fig. 3.65 Modules
The tower, due to break ground in 2016, will be divided into 8 distinct elements: the
structure, walls, facade, ceiling & floors, infrastructure, balconies and plants. Much like a
modular deferring system, the tower's structural grid and infrastructure will be the only
consistent elements in the building. Each home will be uniquely customized by its occupants
in a way that will also allow for future modifications.

70
Fig. 3.66 Modules in Tower
The modules are alternating from different floors, to facade element, to railings and a variety
of pots for plants to grow along the home. By choosing their own elements, we offer the
owners a tool to become the designers of their individual apartment.

71
 CASE STUDY IV : Qatar 2022 World Cup ( a modular
Demountable Stadium built from shipping
containers)
Architect: Fenwick Iribarren Architects Place: Southeast of Doha, Qatar
Area: 450,000-square-metre Type: Recreation & Entertainment
The design of the seventh stadium being constructed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar has
been revealed. It is designed by Fenwick Iribarren Architects, the Ras Abu Aboud Stadium will
be constructed from a series of modified shipping containers meeting within a steel framework,
allowing it to be quickly assembled, disassembled and then reassembled in a new location
following the conclusion of the event.
Fig. 3.67 Exterior view of the stadium

72
This setting offers the perfect legacy, capable of being reassembled in a new location in its
entirety or built into numerous small sports and cultural venues.All of this in a stadium that
transports the atmosphere fans expect at a World Cup and which we will build in a more
sustainable way than ever before. I’m delighted with this design and confident that Ras Abu
aboud will become a proposal for future mega-event planners.
Fig. 3.68 Approach to the stadium
The modular design will require scarcer materials, create less waste and reduce the overall
carbon footprint compared to a traditional building process, while also reducing building time
to as little as three years. The stadium is aiming to achieve a four-star Global Sustainability
Assessment System (GSAS) authorization.

73
Fig. 3.69 sitting spaces in the stadium
Fig. 3.7 Proposed view of the stadium

74
The project is expected to located on a 450,000-square-metre waterfront site just southeast
of Doha, the 40,000-seat stadium will be broken down into a series of modular blocks, modified
shipping containers. The containers will be reformed to contain the various fundamental
stadium program elements, including stairs, allowances and bathrooms.
Located just 1.5 kilometres from Doha’s Hamad International Airport, the stadium will be
made easily accessible to visitors through a dedicated stop on Qatar Rail’s Gold Line and a
possible water taxi stop.
Fig. 3.71 Location of the stadium

76
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Modular design splits a system in smaller parts so that it can be functional and used separately
and more efficiently. It reduces the effort of considering the whole project into account. For
mass production, the design of modules includes breaking the built into different repeating
units at different levels. A designer can use this the easier way or in the interesting manner.
From Research Papers:
There are various advantages as prefab modular construction saves time and gives an
extremely high quality product even though it doesn't make the construction cheaper, as the
controlled environment leads to increase in costs.
The modular design as it means, subdivides a building. The spaces created are usually
independent of each other,i.e, the might or might not relate to each other. As in case of
commercial skyscraper , there are many convention halls, commercial rooms which are not
usually owned by an individual/company but it rather out for specific time period. So that the
design and placement of these should be done in such a way that they don't interfere with the
functioning of the existing offices and also not be totally secluded from them.
 Referring to the case study of the HABITAT 67, Montreal , Canada ; the stacking of
the building blocks are seen in a functional and aesthetic manner giving a dynamic set
of unique private spaces while simultaneously allowing for circulation and social
public spaces.
 Referring to the case study of proposal of CUSTAMIZABLE HOUSING TOWER in
India the designer thought of a system based on modular building system, selecting
the prefabricated modules offers a great amount of flexibility to the residents. Each
home will be uniquely customized by its occupants in a way that it will allow for
future modifications.
 Referring to the case study Queen Alia international airport designed by Foster +
Partners shows the use of the modern technologies and integrated strategies which
provide efficient passive design. Also the dominant use of the repeating modules
gives a future expansion and is friendly to the environment due to some passive
technologies used in it.

77
The futuristic approach of modular design is the key option of upgradation of the upcoming
buildings as per required usage. This somehow relates to the retrofitting concept. It’s not just
replacing the older technologies with the newer ones but a little more care towards design
could allow us to expand the building accordingly with the usage in the future.

78
REFERENCES:
Source: online
https://www.abebooks.com/Retail-Spaces-Therapy-Store-Design-
Today/11807419531/bd
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/EQTips/EQTip23.pdf
https://www.cadpro.com/drafting-software/cad-software-for-parking-lot-designs/
http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/Chapters/parkinglotdesign/theoryan
dconcepts...
https://www.archdaily.com/884528/a-modular-demountable-stadium-built-from-
shipping-contain...
https://www.arch2o.com/language-modular-architecture/
Source: Published
 Hatch, N.W., 2001. Design rules, volume 1: The power of modularity. Academy of
Management Review, 26(1), pp.130-133.
 Dietz, Albert G. H. (1971) Industrialized Building Systems. Publisher - The MIT
press
 Goldberg, P. (1996) Moshe Safdie: Volume 1. Publisher Images Publishing
Group Pty. Ltd
 Goldberg, P. (2009) Moshe Safdie: Volume 2. Publisher - Images Publishing
Group Pty. Ltd

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