The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context of Protected Areas in the Philippines: Input for Curriculum Development

American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 284
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-6, Issue-6, pp-284-291
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context of Protected
Areas in the Philippines: Input for Curriculum Development
1
Amelyn L. Laro, RSW, MASW, 2
Moises C. Torrentira Jr PhD, EnP
1
Bachelor of Science in Social Work, Department Chairperson Southern Philippines Agribusiness Marine and
Aquatic School of Technology
2
Associate Professor 3 University of Southeastern Philippines
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT : Since human wellbeing clearly depends on the environment, the part of the environment in
social work's mission and scope ought to be a critical issue. Social work should also highlight the relevance of
the environment and the significant roles that social workers play in the advocacy and protection of the
environment such as the protected areas. The basis of this paper therefore anchors on the interlinkages of the
social work profession with green social work practice or the eco-social work paradigm. Utilizing literature
review, this paper discussed the importance of protected areas and their conservation in the practice of green
social work in the Philippines. The findings of the analysis were considered as important inputs for the
enhancement of social work curriculum in the Philippines by integrating the green social work paradigm in the
course offerings.
Keywords: Green social work practice, curriculum development, protected areas, Philippines
I. INTRODUCTION
The practice of social work does not only entail making sense of social relevance and transformation but also
advocate environmental consciousness to act on preservation and conservation of the ecological systems to put
forward social justice and environmental sustainability. Meaning, social work can have a big influence on
promoting sustainable development especially in the sustainability of protected areas. Alston and Besthorn
(2012) argued that attention to human-rights-based practice and anti-oppressive practice is the basis for social
work in the area of environment and sustainability. Further, McKinnon (2012a) asserted that it is the nexus of
social justice and environmental justice that brings sustainability to the forefront of social work consciousness.
Incorporating the natural environment into social work therefore is the belief that environmental sustainability
is, in addition to theoretical and practical dimensions, an ethical issue. This raises the question of whether and
how environmental sustainability and concern for the natural environment are incorporated into current
statements of social work ethics. It also raises the question of whether the profession‘s notions of justice can be
expanded to more fully include the natural world. This would include recognizing the importance of
environmental justice, but also moving towards ecological justice or ‗justice toward the natural world‘
(Schlosberg, 2001: 1). Besthorn (2012) recognizes the difference between environmental ethos, which shows
concern for the impacts of the natural environment on humans, and ecological justice Bowles, W., Boetto, H.,
Jones, P., & McKinnon, J. (2018).
Hence, the practice of green social work is a growing trend. The International Federation of Social Work in
2020 to 2030 global agenda for social work and social development framework encourage social workers to co-
build inclusive social transformation. This means that social workers have the active role in leading sustainable
development especially in co-designing and co-building thriving communities and societies for the people and
the environment (IFSW, 2020). But despite the importance of this growing trend, this has never been
mainstreamed yet in most of the curricular offerings of social work as an academic program in the Philippines.
As a response, this paper hopes to unveil the concept of green social work by connecting the social work
profession and environmental consciousness in the context of protected areas. Additionally, looking into the
policies, initiatives, and current scenarios of protected areas in the Philippines will shed light on the potential
role of social workers to promote sustainability. Finally, the analysis of this scenario may become an important
input in enhancing the curriculum of the social work programs in the Philippines by integrating the concept of
green social work in the course offerings to transform not just the communities but also empowering them in
promoting the sustainability of protected areas.

II. METHODOLOGY
This study utilized a qualitative method of literature review which involves researching, reading, analyzing,
evaluating, and summarizing scholarly literature (Paul and Criado, 2020) about green social work practice and
protected areas. The articles and literatures considered came from online sources and journals. The
data collected were analyzed and synthesized. Specifically, this study utilized the semi-systematic or narrative
review which is more appropriate for topics that have been conceptualized differently and studied by various
groups of researchers within diverse disciplines ( Synder, 2019).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Definition and Concepts related to Protected Area from a Global perspective and in the Philippines
As stated by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) the definition of a protected area
as of 2008 refers to a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal
or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services
and cultural values (IUCN website). Furthermore, the explanation of Dudley about protected areas according
to the IUCN means that Clearly defined geographical space encompasses land, inland water, marine, and
coastal areas or a combination of two or more of these. While the concept of ―Space‖ has three dimensions, for
instance when the airspace above a protected area is protected from low-flying aircraft or in marine protected
areas when a certain water depth is protected or the seabed is protected but water above is not: conversely
subsurface areas sometimes are not protected (e.g., are open for mining). The term ―Clearly defined‖ implies a
spatially defined area with agreed and demarcated borders. These borders can sometimes be defined by
physical features that move over time (e.g., riverbanks) or by management actions (e.g., agreed no-take zones).
Examples are Wolong Nature Reserve in China (category Ia, terrestrial); Lake Malawi National Park in
Malawi (category II, mainly freshwater); Masinloc and Oyon Bay Marine Reserve in the Philippines (category
Ia, mainly marine) are examples of areas in very different biomes but all are protected areas.
Another term in this given definition is the word Recognized which implies that protection can include a range
of governance types declared by people as well as those identified by the state, but that such sites should be
recognized in some way (in particular through listing on the World Database on Protected Areas – WDPA). For
instance, the Anindilyakwa Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) was self-declared by aboriginal communities in
the Groote Eylandt peninsula, one of many self-declared IPAs recognized by the government. The word
Dedicated connotes a specific binding commitment to conservation in the long term, through examples of
International conventions and agreements, national, provincial, and local law, customary law, covenants of
NGOs, private trusts, and company policies or certification schemes.
On the other hand, the term Managed Assumes some active steps to conserve the natural (and possibly other)
values for which the protected area was established which denotes that ―managed‖ can include a decision to
leave the area untouched if this is the best conservation strategy and some many options are possible. Finally,
the word Legal or other effective means refers to that protected areas must either be gazette (that is, recognized
under statutory civil law), recognized through an international convention or agreement or else managed
through other effective but non-gazette means, such as through recognized traditional rules under which
community conserved areas operate or the policies of established non-governmental organizations. Protected
areas serve as significant tools for the conservation of biological diversity and care crucial in the attainment of
sustainable development strategies given that it has provided environmental benefits but also promote
economic sources. Therefore, protected areas are necessary to meet the objectives of the Convention of
Biological Diversity as mentioned in the foreword of the Executive Secretary of the Convention of Biological
Diversity (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2008).
Based on the IUCN protected area definition and management categories and governance types protected areas
are categorized into six. These are the six management categories (one with a subdivision). First is the Strict
nature reserve which refers to the strictly protected biodiversity and also possibly geological/ geomorphological
features, where human visitation, use, and impacts are controlled and limited to ensure the protection of the
conservation values. Second is the wilderness area which is usually large unmodified or slightly modified
areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation,
protected and managed to preserve their natural condition. The third is the national park or also the large
natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and
ecosystems, which also have environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational,
recreational, and visitor opportunities. Under this category is the natural monument or feature which are areas
set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, marine cavern,
geological features such as a cave, or a living feature such as an ancient grove. Fourth is the habitat/species

management area. This refers to areas to protect particular species or habitats, where management reflects this
priority. Many will need regular, active interventions to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but this
is not a requirement of the category. Fifth is the protected landscape or seascape where the interaction of people
and nature over time has produced a distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and
scenic value and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the
area and its associated nature conservation and other values. Sixth is the protected areas with sustainable use of
natural resources or areas which conserve ecosystems, together with associated cultural values and traditional
natural resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in a natural condition, with a proportion under
sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial natural resource use compatible
with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims.
The declaration of Protected areas globally showed various benefits to humankind. First, protected areas are the
critical tool to conserve biodiversity in the face of the global crisis of species extinction and the loss of the
world‘s natural capacity to support all life and human existence. At the same time, the protected resources are
often essential to assuring healthy communities. Protected areas provide for life‘s essentials. They protect
natural resources that are critical to many people on earth. Second, protected areas provide for life‘s diversity
by safeguarding species and habitats. Each species is a product of millions of years of evolution. Each species
contributes to the extraordinary variety of living creatures on earth. Third, Protected Areas act as life‘s buffers
while serving as sanctuaries and strongholds of species in the face of climate change. Fourth, protected areas
are economic engines. They provide life‘s jobs and livelihoods as a traditional destination for the global
tourism industry. The pharmaceutical industry has benefited greatly from the genetic diversity of species and
safeguarding species in protected areas will ensure the possibility of discovery of future medicines. As well the
economic spin-offs from literature, film, and television add to the positive side of the ledger of the values of
protected areas.
Globally - protected areas serve as indicators of achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. At the
local level, protected areas contain landscapes with a sense of place and meaning to nations and their people.
They offer the opportunity for involvement with restoration and other conservation activities. Such activities
Protected Areas in Today‘s World: Their Values and Benefits for the Welfare of the Planet 2 enhance social
outcomes, sometimes dramatically when delinquent youth are transformed into engaged community members.
Protected areas provide the settings for healthy outdoor living and recreation. Exploring a protected area offers
not only the opportunity to understand nature but also exercise and education. They provide a sense of
adventure and challenge, including self-discovery. Achieving personal development goals increases the mental
well-being of humans. Much evidence has been accumulated on the recuperative force of nature on recovering
patients. Most importantly, protected areas are the setting for providing some of life‘s most joyous moments. It
is within these areas that our spirits can soar and our souls can be replenished. Furthermore, protected areas
bring tremendous cultural, ecological, spiritual, and scientific benefits to society. They are critical to preserving
global biodiversity and stemming the extinction crisis. Today there are more than 100,000 protected areas
worldwide comprising about 12 percent of the Earth‘s surface (Lopoukhine, N., 2008)
In the Philippines, the study of Senga explained that the Philippines has always been considered one of the
major biodiversity hotspots in the world. It is also known as a country with the highest level of diversity and
endemicity of the life forms and some of the unique species and habitats of critically endangered species and
wildlife example is the Philippine eagle. In 1987, the DENR initiated the formulation of a conceptual
framework for a Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development. This resulted from the long process of
consultation with various sectors and language refinement, a draft was presented to the Cabinet in 1989 and
approved through a Resolution. The underlying goal of the Strategy was to ―achieve economic growth with
adequate protection of the country‘s biological resources and its diversity, vital ecosystem functions, and
overall environmental quality.‖ One of the key strategies was to establish an integrated protected areas system,
which emphasized the preservation of the ―variety of genes, species and ecosystems‖ (Philippine Government,
1989). (La Vina et al, 2010)
According to Senga the last remaining representatives of Philippine habitats and ecosystems were set aside for
conservation through innovative approaches spelled out in the National Integrated Protected Areas System
(NIPAS) Act of 1992, a landmark piece of legislation that provides the framework for a decentralized,
community-based reserve management strategy. NIPAS Act: The Conservation of Priority Protected Areas
Project, a seven-year initiative funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the World Bank, and
the National Integrated Protected Areas Project, a five-year undertaking funded by the European Union. While
the two projects share the same broad objectives of biodiversity. The project employs a multistakeholder

approach among government, local communities, NGOs, the scientific community, the private sector, and
international partners. It is anchored on a community-based resource management strategy that seeks to
empower local communities residing inside and within the buffer zones of parks to manage their own resources
and become active partners in protected area management. Providing alternative livelihood opportunities and
improving tenurial security of park residents are integral components of this strategy. Participatory
management in each park is ensured through the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB), a multi-sectoral
body composed of representatives from government, peoples‘ organizations, NGOs, and indigenous cultural
communities. It is the highest policymaking body in Philippine protected areas and the venue for democratic
participation of all sectors with a stake in the effective management of these reserves. The structure may be
cumbersome and unwieldy at times, but, through time, we strongly believe that the PAMBs will evolve into
effective stewards of our country‘s last repositories of biodiversity—a monumental responsibility to the whole
of humankind. In five years of implementing this trailblazing project, NIPA and its partners have established a
foundation for models in different aspects of protected area management that could be replicated in the other
protected areas of the Philippines and possibly in other parts of the world.
In 2018, The Expanded National Integrated Protected Area Systems (ENIPAS) Act of 2018 was signed by
President Duterte to strengthens protection and adds more than 100 legislated protected areas in the
Philippines, including the Philippine Rise Marine Resource Reserve. This legislation adopted strong
amendatory measures to the 24-year-old National Integrated Protected Area Systems (NIPAS) Act. The said act
will enhance the conservation efforts undertaken of our unique but vastly threatened biodiversity and
ecosystems including our marine habitats according to the President of an NGO known as Oceana Philippines.
This passage of the ENIPAS Act provides a national legislation for all protected areas to ensure their ecological
integrity. The act covers the Tañon Strait Protected Seascape, one of the largest marine protected areas in the
Philippines and declared as a protected seascape through a Presidential Proclamation in 1998. The ENIPAS Act
also covers the Philippine Rise Marine Resource Reserve, which was recently declared as a protected area with
strict protection zones. The salient provisions of the Act include the provision for scientific and technical
support for biodiversity conservation; delineation and demarcation of boundaries; deputation of support
especially on enforcement to the Protected Area Superintendent (PASu); and regular reporting on the status of
the Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF) and allocating 75% of all revenues raised to the Protected Area
Management Board (PAMB). It also prohibits the use and possession of destructive fishing gears within the
protected seascape. Furthermore, the ENIPAS Act also expands the mandates of the Department of Justice
(DOJ) to appoint special prosecutors handling cases specifically related to protected areas, and assist in the
training of wardens and rangers in arrests and criminal procedures (Oceana press release, 2018).
One of the problems in the protected area management is often viewed as a primarily ecological problem, in
which managers are ―outside‖ the system and protected areas must be preserved in a historically defined ―wild‖
state. This perspective ignores the relevance of location, context, and connectivity, both ecological and
socioeconomic; and particularly, that managers and policy makers, as well as people who work in and visit
protected areas, live in a social context that creates demands and expectations about ecosystem management.
Even if the ecosystem management focuses on biodiversity, management institutions, their agendas and goals,
such as setting target population sizes of animals, fire policies, access rights, or control of invasive species, are
social constructs that are created and debated in political arenas (Macneil 2013, Bell and Morrison 2015,
Cinner and McClanahan 2015). Thus, failure to recognize the plurality (social, ecological, and economic) of
protected areas has in the past created many conservation problems. Lopoukhine, N., Crawhall, N., Dudley, N.,
Figgis, P., Karibuhoye, C., Laffoley, D., Londoño, J. M., Mackinnon, K., Sandwith, T., & Mainguy, G. (2012).
IV. DEFINITION OF GREEN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
There is an emerging approach in social practice which is focused on the Ecological Social Work Mckinnon
and Alston, 2016 and Green Social Work (Domenille, 2012). This practice is highly connected to the new
global definition of social work since it highlights the argument and justification for demands for social justice
and respect for human rights and participatory approaches. Moreover, Ecological Social Work emphasizes the
significance of humanity and nature at the center of the education and practice in the social work curriculum.
Ramsay and Boddy, (2016).
The person-in-environment viewpoint could be a long-standing viewpoint in social work and a few social work
researchers recognize the importance of the environment in social work practice, be that as it may, they center
on the goals of personal well-being and social welfare. Since 1992, the National Association for Social Work
(NASW) has heightened welcome for the inclusion of the physical environment inside the space of social work.
According to NASW, securing individuals and the common environment through maintainable advancement is

apparently the fullest realization of the person-in-environment viewpoint. The compatibility of sustainable
improvement and the person-in-environment point of view is a firm hypothetical
establishment from which to apply large-scale level social work practice to person-natural environment
problems. Lucas-Darby, E. T. (2011). As of the present, the bulk of social workers in the Philippines had some
limited perspectives in their assessment focusing only on the individuals, groups, and communities and their
immediate social environment but there is a limited assessment of the macrophysical environment or the
ecosystem of the clients. The current focus of the social case study report addresses social interaction and
relationships of individuals and groups with other human beings but on how clients are affected by the natural
environment take for instance the impact of natural and manmade disasters and vice versa are not evident and
how they cope with this problematic environment is still vague in the social case study report.
The eco-social approach includes diverse hypothetical approaches to social work that have emerged since the
1970s as a reaction to the environmental emergency confronted by cutting- edge society. Within the Anglo-
Saxon methodological convention, the biological approach highlights an all-encompassing and systemic point
of social problems and the correspondence of the connection between individuals‘ life framework and their
social environments. This approach to social work is caught on as an all-encompassing way of to see at the
environment of life and as a concrete way of including people in nearby legislative issues and urbanism, as
well as an endeavor to realize hypothetical conceptions of social work that would be consistent with
sustainability. Social work needs an all-encompassing investigation of the micro scale, mezzo, and macro-
structures of the contexts of the assets and issues of people and communities. The results of ecological crises
and shortage of characteristic assets have the most grounded effect on the foremost vulnerable individuals and
space which they occupied. Rocha, H. B. (2018).
The IFSW-IASSW Definition of Social Work stated that ―social work intercedes at the points where
individuals connected with their environments‖. Ritchie, J. D. (2010) Green social workers have to address
structural-social-inequalities such as the unequal distribution of assets and control, bargain with destitution and
its effect on individuals, understand global interdependencies, and advance populist and strong connections.
Papadimitriou, E., Παπαδηµητρίοσ, Ε., & Θράκης, Π. (n.d.). Perhaps one of the signs that most clearly indicate
the importance of environmental issues in social work is the evident relevance in the literature assumed by the
training of the professionals. There is an increasing convergence in affirming that the need for ‗greening‘ social
work practice claims for an education transformation integrating environmental content in social work curricula
including the field training in order to allow future practitioners to address sustainability and social justice
promotion in their communitarian intervention Rocha, H. B. (2018). By teaching Green Social Work practice
among social workers as a new practice model we are training new social workers to see a bigger and more
relevant perspective on how the worse environment contributed to the problems of individuals and vis-à- vis
how they are affected by it. In the context of the Philippines where typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions, and
different kinds of disasters had affected mostly the vulnerable groups like in the case of typhoon Haiyan which
caused vast calamity to communities. Therefore, there is a need to reflect on how social work as a profession
needed to reframe its assessment tools instead of focusing only on disaster response there is a need to view and
reflect that a wider practice model must be adopted that puts emphasis on this dynamic relationship of the
physical environment and individuals occupying this space.
In particular, Green social work is a new paradigm in addressing social problems as well as dealing with the
negative consequences brought upon the environment by the industrial society of mass consumption
(Dominelli, 2012 & 2018). In brief, this approach recognizes a particularly important role for social workers in
relation to the issue of environmental injustice and the development of sustainable communities and societies
(Jones, 2018; Peeters, 2012; Hetherington & Boddy, 2013). This approach is needed because the social impact
of industrialization on the environment worsens unsustainable development models, power dynamics, and
consumerism, by the implementation of neoliberal policy and imbalanced resource distribution (Mason et al.,
2017; Rinkel & Powers, 2017; Shajahan & Sharma, 2018). These factors are central to the prevailing socio-
economic systems that exacerbate structural inequalities and worsen the situation for the poor and low-income
individuals or communities (Bullard & Johnson, 2000; Montgomery & Chakraborty 2015). It is also these
situations that undermine these individuals' capacities to reduce risk, and they also lower their resilience
(Dominelli & Ku, 2017; Dominelli, 2012). Papadimitriou, E., Παπαδηµητρίοσ, Ε., & Θράκης, Π. (n.d.).
In the situation of the Philippines, it is essential that we need to teach future social workers to understand this
symbiotic relationship and consider this by making assessments and interventions in the generalist social work
practice which is highly relevant to Filipino clients. Although there are social workers working on the cause
and issues for the environment some of them do not see such interconnections or they lack the framework for

how to view the client‘s problem from a more appropriate perspective. The relevance of green social work
practice is that social work students will have a wider lens on how the problems of the clients were brought by
the direct environment which is caused by irresponsible mining practices or simply in areas affected by floods
because of lack of proper garbage management. Social workers must play an active role in the protection of the
ecosystem which can be a source of livelihood like in the situation of indigenous communities. In addition,
social workers who are working with ancestral domains should include in their interventions green social work
practice. I think it is high time for social welfare agencies to also embrace a bigger perspective than the usual
micro and limited interventions. Aside from intervening during and after the disaster, there is a need to look
into the context of the ecosystem, ecological crisis, climate change, and context protected areas highly relevant
in the Philippines as the center of biodiversity.
As a matter of fact, the significance of Green Social Work is the idea of co-producing ‗transformative social
change that creates a living, viable earth with equitable shared and distributed resources and opportunities‘
(Dominelli, 2018, pp. 18-19). Specifically, all these different approaches connect the social, economic, and
ecological dimensions to each other, thereby making a shift from modernist to holistic foundations in social
work education and practice (Ramsay and Boddy, 2016). Dominelli (2014) argued that citizenship-
based rights, and guaranteeing that such concerns are secured in social work‘s educational module which she
shows proposed as Green Social Work practice. In social work, the environment is for the most part utilized to
speak to a person's family and other connections, community and societal structures and frameworks, and
maybe physical living spaces. When social workers allude to a person's environment, it appears that they
are not more often than not alluding to the normal environment. Ritchie, J. D. (2010).
This perspective advances anti-oppressive approaches that empower moral conduct, social and environmental
justice, and human rights in reactions to COVID-19. A GSW point of view receives a holistic,
environment-friendly, transdisciplinary, relational, and political control relation inclined to the ‗person-in the-
environment‘ to include both environmental and socioeconomic, political settings inside which humans live
and act (Dominelli, 2012).
Social workers in other countries like in Kazakhstan and in the USA are also working for environmental
protection as they are part of the protected area management, and eco-tourism management and they are active
players in helping the communities understand the community- based resource management. These can also be
considered in the Philippines knowing that we are using community organization in our practice then we also
integrate Green Social Work practice in this practice model. In addition, we are helping communities to be
more sustainable, empowered, and self-reliant by instilling in them the values of environmental protection. It is
noted that there are communities that are dependent on the sustainable use of natural resources that find
themselves particularly vulnerable to biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. There is evidence emerging that
the long-term investments being made by national governments and communities in protected area systems
globally are having a large pay-off. It is highlighted in various studies that protected areas are an efficient and
effective means to address biodiversity loss, help buffer society from the effects of climate change, and
maintain the critical ecosystem services on which all societies depend. Schmitz, C. L., Matyók, T., Sloan, L.
M., & James, C. (2012). Thus, in this sense, I can see the connection of applying the Green Social work
practice lens in improving the conditions of the protected areas and moving towards sustainability.
IV. Conclusion and Implications for Curriculum Development
Building a better world after COVID-19 requires a new normal perspective and by giving consideration to a
new model of practice which is the Green Social Work practice I find that there is a possibility that we can
build a new and more sustainable world. The Green Social Work practice requires social workers to integrate
concepts on the environment especially the physical environment in understanding the problems of individuals,
groups, and communities. There are many instances that the Philippines encountered several typhoons or was
affected by earthquakes that greatly devastated our country and affected various clients but social workers‘
roles are only limited to pre and post-disaster response which is only limited. The knowledge of social workers
which focuses mostly on the social environment neglects to consider how humans are affected by their physical
environment and they also have roles in stewardship and rebuilding their own communities.
Problems in the natural environment can mean problems for people. The ecological crisis – human-induced
destruction of ecosystems, loss of topsoil, pollution of all parts of the environment including food and human
bodies, extinction of species, resource depletion, and especially the current focus on climate change – has led to
global awareness of the need for large-scale societal change. These problems clearly have a direct impact on
people's daily lives and abilities to survive and negotiate societal systems. Ritchie, J. D. (2010).
The current reality of environmental problems and challenges requires a transdisciplinary and multi-
stakeholder approach. Thus, there is a need for more information drive about the Expanded NIPAS law and the

level of participation and engagement to address the problems with protected areas. In conclusion, the
integration of topics about Protected Areas in the Philippine Curriculum of Social Work specifically on the
subject of Green Social Work practice is highly recommended in order to prepare future social workers for
their role which include their participation in the protected area and ecosystem management. The second is
creating a Core Group of Teachers/Educators who will teach about Protected Areas in the state colleges and
Green Social Work practice and this is in collaboration with the National Association of Social Work
Incorporated which is the primary arm of social work education in the Philippines. The third point is the
collaboration among the Commission on Higher Education, DSWD, DENR, the Department of Education and
State Colleges and Universities, the National Association of Social Work, the and Philippine Association of
Social Work to discuss the relevance of environmental protection specifically protected areas and biodiversity
in the Philippines. Finally, the current social work practitioners and educators must also revisit the ethical
practice of Social Workers in the Philippines and there should be ethics-related environmental protection as
part of our solidarity with the International Federation of Social Work Global Agenda and our commitment
toward Sustainable Development Goals.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
[1]. Anaya, C. J. (n.d.) Cultural heritage management: constructing a concept
http://atalayagestioncultural.es/pdf_en/03.8.E.pdf
[2]. Auraria Library website https://guides.auraria.edu/researchmethods/literaturereviews
[3]. Ayivor, J.S (2020) Protected Area Governance and Its Influence on Local Perceptions, Attitudes and
Collaboration file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/land-09-00310.pdf
[4]. Bowles, W., Boetto, H., Jones, P., & McKinnon, J. (2018). Is social work really greening? Exploring
the place of sustainability and environment in social work codes of ethics. International Social Work,
61(4), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816651695
[5]. Cornerstones of Biodiversity Conservation (n.d.) Goal 1.5: To prevent and mitigate the negative
impacts of key threats to protected areas https://www.cbd.int/programmes/pa/pow-goal-15.pdf
[6]. Cruz, G. R (2017) The Cultural Heritage-Oriented Approach to Economic Development in the
Philippines: A Comparative Study of Vigan, Ilocos Sur and Escolta, Manila
https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2017/paper-
13.pdf
[7]. Cumming, G. S., & Allen, C. R. (2017). Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Environmental
Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, Natural Resource
Economics Commons, Natural Resources.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaffhttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff/235
[8]. De Vera (n.d.) Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (ENIPAS) or Republic Act
11038: An Overview https://angoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ENIPAS_English_Final.pdf
[9]. Dominelli, L. (2014). Promoting environmental justice through green social work practice: A key
challenge for practitioners and educators. International Social Work, 57(4), 338–345.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872814524968
[10]. Dominelli, L. (2021). A green social work perspective on social work during the time of COVID-19.
[11]. International Journal of Social Welfare, 30(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12469
[12]. Dominelli, L., Nikku, B. R., & Ku, H. B. (n.d.). The Routledge handbook of green social work.
[13]. Dudley, N. (2008) Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories
https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAG-021.pdf
[14]. https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11038_2018.html
[15]. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Website (n.d.) About - Protected Areas |
IUCN https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about
[16]. International Federation of Social Work Website (2020) https://www.ifsw.org/2020-to-2030-global-
agenda-for-social-work-and-social-development-framework-co-building-inclusive-social-
transformation/
[17]. Janishevski, L. (2008) et al Protected Areas in Today‘s Word: Their Values and Benefits for the
Welfare of the Planet. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-36-en.pdf

[18]. La Vina, A. (2010) Legal Framework for Protected Areas: Philippines
https://www.iucn.org/downloads/philippines.pdf
[19]. Lopoukhine, N., Crawhall, N., Dudley, N., Figgis, P., Karibuhoye, C., Laffoley, D., Londoño, J. M.,
Mackinnon, K., Sandwith, T., & Mainguy, G. (2012). Protected areas: providing natural solutions to
21st Century challenges. 5.
[20]. Lucas-Darby, E. T. (2011). The New Color Is Green: Social Work Practice and Service-Learning
(Vol. 12, Issue 1).
[21]. OCEANA website (n.d.) Expanded Protected Area Law Signedhttps://ph.oceana.org/press-
releases/expanded-protected-area-law-signed/
[22]. Papadimitriou, E., Παπαδηµητρίοσ, Ε., & Θράκης, Π. (n.d.). Defining green social work Ορίζοντας
την πράσινη κοινωνική εργασία. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349733591
[23]. Paul, J., & Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do
we need to know?. International Business Review, 29(4), 101717.
[24]. Rambaree, K. (2020). Environmental social work: Implications for accelerating the implementation of
sustainable development in social work curricula. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher
Education, 21(3), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0270
[25]. Ritchie, J. D. (2010). The relevance of the natural environment to social work : a The relevance of the
natural environment to social work : a comparison of fields that consider the natural environment in
comparison of fields that consider the natural environment in social problems : a project based upon
an independent social problems : a project based upon an independent investigation investigation
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/492
[26]. Rocha, H. B. (2018). Social work practices and the ecological sustainability of socially vulnerable
communities. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051312
[27]. Schmitz, C. L., Matyók, T., Sloan, L. M., & James, C. (2012). The relationship between social work
and environmental sustainability: Implications for interdisciplinary practice. International Journal of
Social Welfare, 21(3), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00855.x
[28]. Schulze, K (2017) An assessment of threats to terrestrial protected areas
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322123258_
[29]. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2008) CBD Technical Series No. 36 Protected
Areas in Today‘s World: Their Values and Benefits for the Welfare of the Planet
https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-36-en.pdf
[30]. Senga, R (2001) Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and
Prospects http://www.georgewright.org/182senga.pdf
[31]. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal
of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
[32]. UNESCO (n.d.) Philippine Cultural Heritage
https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ph_backgroundculthrtgelawinstit_engorof.pdf
[33]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2013) Managing World Cultural
Heritage file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/activity-827-1.pdf

The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context of Protected Areas in the Philippines: Input for Curriculum Development

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context of Protected Areas in the Philippines: Input for Curriculum Development (20)

More from AJHSSR Journal (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context of Protected Areas in the Philippines: Input for Curriculum Development