Sesame lecture
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Sesame is an important oil crop grown in Ethiopia. It is grown in areas receiving annual rainfall between 625-1100mm and temperatures above 27°C. The major sesame growing regions in Ethiopia include Amhara, Tigray, Benishangul Gumuz, and Somali. Sesame requires hot conditions between 25-37°C to grow and yields are optimal with annual rainfall between 500-650mm. Diseases like bacterial blight and phyllody as well as insect pests such as webworm pose challenges to production. Proper agronomic practices including intercropping, fertilizer application, and control of weeds, pests and diseases can help maximize yields.
Sesame lecture
- 1. Aksum Unversity College of Agriculture Department of Plant Science Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) production Compiled by: Abadi Berhane (MSc.) April, 2014 Shire 4/30/2014 1
- 2. Oil crops production Introduction Oil crops are important field crops in the world as well as in Ethiopia. The area and production of oil crops in Ethiopia in was 774,529.55ha 2010/11(6.55% of total area covered) and 6,339,987.49 Qts. (3.12% of total grain crops produced) respectively; The major oil crops in Ethiopia are: 4/30/2014 2
- 3. Cont… Nug, sesame and linseed covered 2.09% (247,611.17 hectares), 3.25 % (384,682.79 hectares) and 0.62 % (73,687.7 hectares) of the grain crop area; and 0.71 % (1,448,474.82 Qts.), 1.61 % (about 3,277,409.22 Qts.) and 0.32% (654,205.76 Qts.) of the grain production, respectively. 4/30/2014 3
- 4. Oil crops production Highland oil crops - Sunflower, - Niger seed, - Rapeseed/mustard, - Linseed/flax - Castor, Lowland oil crops • sesame, • Soybean, • Safflower • Groundnut, etc. 4/30/2014 4
- 5. Sesame Introduction • Sesame is grown in areas with annual rainfall of 625-1100mm and temperature of above 270C. • It is tolerant to drought ; but sensitive to water logging; • Is grown deep, well drained, fertile sandy loam type of soils; • In ethiopia it grows in Amhara, Tigray, Benshangul Gumuz, and Somali regions. It also grows in the lowlands of Oromiya, and SNNP. 4/30/2014 5
- 6. Cont… Origin and distribution is the most probably ancient oil crop, the origin is thought to be Africa, and spread to West Asia, India, China and Japan; Most of the wild species are found in Africa. Is grown in tropics and subtropics (250 S and 250N). It also grows up to 400 in China, Russia and the USA, 300S in Australia. 4/30/2014 6
- 7. Cont… Production and productivity Globally, sesame is produced over an area of 8.8mha and annual production around 2.8mt with average productivity of 382kg/ha; whereas, in Africa, average productivity ranges from 300 to 500kg/ha in pure stand; But, under good management it reaches as high as 3000kg/ha (Kafiriti and Deckers, 2001). 4/30/2014 7
- 8. Cont… Family: Pedaliaceae Genus: sesamum, contains 16 genera and 60 spp. Sesamum indicum L. (syn. S. orientale) (2n = 26) is the widely cultivated one. 4/30/2014 8
- 9. Crop description Common names • ‘selit, simsim’ • Sesame is a broadleaf plant • Plant height (1.5-2.0 meter) • Varieties differ in color of seed and flowers, size, growth habit and composition, • The crop is erect, branched, mostly annual; • It is warm season plant, • Deep thin taproot stem, 1m length; • Considerably tolerate drought, but sensitive during initial growth, 4/30/2014 9
- 10. Cont… • It has indeterminate growth; • Leaves are entire, lanceolate, and sometimes slightly serrated; • Leaf size: varies from 3 to 17.5 cm in length and 1 to1.7cm in width, and with the petiole length of 1 to 5cm. • Leaf color: is mostly dull, darkish-green or light green with a yellowish tint. • Flowers: bell-shaped white to pale-rose flowers 4/30/2014 10
- 11. Cont…. • Flowering starts 35-45 DAP and contineous 75-80 DAP • Pollination: it is normally self-pollinated but rarely to up to 50% from insect pollination; • Flowers open early in the morning and shed in the evening. • Anthers open and release pollen shortly after flower opening, which remain viable for 24 hours only. • The stigma remains receptive • one day prior to flower opening to another one day after flower opening. 4/30/2014 11
- 12. Cont… Fruiting the fruiting structure is called capsule or pod; Formed 20-30 cm above the ground; Capsule lengths: vary from 2.5 to 8 cm, with a diameter of 0.5 to 2 cm; Capsules are attached to the stem at upright angle, usually hairy and contain about 50-90 small oleaginous seeds; 4/30/2014 12
- 13. Cont… • On average 1000 seeds weigh 2 to 4g; • Seed color: due to varietal variation, white, yellow, reddish brown; or grey, dark grey, 4/30/2014 13
- 14. Cont… Parameter Value (%) Protein 22-25 Oil content 43-50 Carbohydrate 3 Fiber 6.3 gram Nutritional content of sesame 4/30/2014 14
- 15. Cont… Sesame oil is yellow in color and used in shortenings, salad oil, margarine and other food products, 40-60% oil can be obtained ( variety, envt.) Sesame seed is rich in calcium oxalate and fatty acids; high in Vitamin A, B, & E, K, P, Mg; Sesame oil is a stable product because of a natural antioxidants sesamol and sesamolinol that reduce the rate of oxidation; …….. Preferable vegetable oil; 4/30/2014 15
- 16. Agro-ecology Sesame grows well in hot to warm semi-arid plains (SA1-1) of western Tigray (mainly Humera) areas, rangiing from 500 to 1600 masl. temperature: 21-280C; RF: 300-800mm mean annual rainfall; The 2nd major sesame area is characterized as hot to warm sub-moist plains (SM1-1) that includes north western Amhara region (Metema), 400-1400 masl., Temperature: greater than 210C; RF: 200-1000mm mean annual RF; It is also growing in Benshangul Gumuz, Oromia, SNNP (Gibe, Gojeb and Omo river basins) 4/30/2014 16
- 17. Cont… • Sesame requires hot conditions; • 25-370C through out the cycle; and 25-270C encourages rapid germination; • Below 200C temperature delays germination or inhibits; • Low temperature results in sterile pollens; and over 400C seriously affects fertilization; 4/30/2014 17
- 18. Cont… Soil type • Sesame is adapted to many soil types, but thrives best on; …… well drained and medium textured fertile soils; pH: 5-8 The best soils in ethiopia are light alluvial and chromic Vertisols; does not grow on heavy clay, salty and waterlogged soils; 4/30/2014 18
- 19. Cont… • If the environment is suitable, sesame germinates 5-7 days, • during the early stages, it has rapid growth to overcome weeds and to establish good stand; • Thinning is iimportant when plants reach 10 to 15cm height (10cm), • 222,000 to 250,000 plants/ha, 4/30/2014 19
- 20. Cont… Fertilizer application: in Humera, application of 120kg/ha NPK (19:19:19) + K2SO4 50kg/ha + Urea 50kg/ha at planting gave 32% yield increment over the control. 4/30/2014 20
- 21. Cont… Water requirement • Sesame is drought resistant crop, after it is well established, it tolerates high water stress; • 300 to 800mm per annum is necessary for reasonable yield; • Optimum yields are obtained (500-650mm) in 3-4 months with good distribution, 4/30/2014 21
- 22. Agronomic practices Land preparation, sowing, and seed rate Sesame requires a warm, moist, weed free seedbed, 20-25cm ploughing depth is practical; Sesame seeds are small (sand or soil); 1:5 ratio Seed rate: 5-7kg/ha for row, and 7-10 for broadcasting, --------Metema (3-4 kg) and Humera (4-5kg/ha), Population: greater than 250,000 per ha; 4/30/2014 22
- 23. Cont… Variety selection • Due to the diverse agro-ecology, in Ethiopia, there are several sesame varieties; • In ethiopia, both the improved and local cultivars are branching types. Planting methods • Manually, or mechanically by hand operated seeder, ------- broadcasting, or drilling; 4/30/2014 23
- 24. Cont… Row spacing: • The recommended spacing in ethiopia is 10*40 making 250,000/ha, Planting depth: depending on soil type and variety (3-5cm), planting time is the most critical phase. Moisture availability, length of rainy season and temperature are the 3 major factors. 4/30/2014 24
- 25. Cont… Cropping system • Intercropping: Sesame is grown as intercrop with sorghum in Harerghe and with tef in North Shewa. It requires high solar radiation and should be intercropped short crops stature. • Crop rotation: with sorghum, cotton, peanuts, soybean, onion and other vegetables; • Sole cropping: 4/30/2014 25
- 26. Insect pests and diseases management Weeds and their control Weeds affect: Quality, increased cost of production, and serve as alternate hosts for insect pests and diseases; Broadleaf and grasses are important weeds; Early weeding is important; Control: tillage (twice), hand weeding, use of herbicides; Example: metholachlor 960 EC@2.5lt/ha + hand weeding; 4/30/2014 26
- 27. Cont… Insect pests and their control: • Sesame yields are seriously affected by pests; Example: 1. Webworm (Antigastra catalaunalis), 2. Sesame seed bug (Elasmolomus sordidus) 3. Gall midge (Asphondilia sesami), 4. Termites; 5. Green vegetable bug (Nezara viridula), 6. African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) 7. Grass hoppers, aphids, jassids, whitefly, crickets, warehouse moth and red flour beetle are the major pests 4/30/2014 27
- 28. Cont… Control: spray chemicals (Malathion 50% EC, Ethiosulfan 35% EC 1-3 times, Karate 0.8% ULV, Use of botanicals Crop rotation, 4/30/2014 28 Bugs
- 29. Cont… Diseases and their control Bacterial blight in humid, phyllody in drier areas are serious diseases while; powdery mildew and wilt are sporadic and minor economic loss. 4/30/2014 29
- 30. Cont… A. Bacterial blight Bacterial blight and bacterial leaf spot of sesame are caused by two pathogens; Xanthomonas sesami and Pseudomonas sesami. it can cause complete yield failure; Incidence may reach up to 100% in Wellega, Pawe, and Gambella where high humidity persists, while 10-50% in semi-arid areas like Were and Humera. Water logging encourages the spread of the diseases; 4/30/2014 30
- 31. Cont… Bacterial blight control: A. Use of tolerant varieties such as Dicho for Wellega, Abassena for Pawe and Tate for Southern areas; B. Cultural practices: clean seed, stable removal, burning, deep plowing and crop rotation C. Hot water treatment@ 520C for 12-14 minutes; D. chemical: streptomycin solutions 750-1000ppm 4/30/2014 31
- 32. Cont… Phyllody: Phyllody is most destructive disease of sesame in drier areas like Werer, Babille, and Bisidimo and partly in North West. It causes deformation of leaves and flowers, Control: Do not use infected seeds, destroy infected plants, and burn, Jassids are alternate hosts, 4/30/2014 32
- 33. Cont… Wilt: • Is caused by fungus, • Fusarium oxysporium and Fusarium sesami, • Symptoms: infected terminal leaves turn yellowish, desiccate and droop, progresses down to the stem; Control: seed selection, early plowing and exposing the fungus to desiccation, avoiding water logging, field sanitation, and crop rotation. 4/30/2014 33
- 34. Crop maturity, harvesting and postharvest techniques of sesame Maturity: the LGP for sesame in ethiopia varies with the length of rainy season. • In Humera and other short rainy season areas, sesame matures within 100 days; • In Wellega, Benshangul Gumuz, Gambella and similar long season areas, it matures within 150 days; • Symptom: at maturity leaves and stems tend to change from green to yellow color, then to dark red, and finally, leaves falloff, 4/30/2014 34
- 35. Cont… Harvesting and stacking in sesame: 4/30/2014 35