Introduction of Anemia
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of anaemia, including its definition, pathophysiology, clinical features, and required investigations. It defines anaemia as a condition with a haemoglobin concentration below normal limits and discusses its physiological impacts and symptoms. Additionally, the document outlines specific investigations used to diagnose anaemia and includes references for further reading.
Introduction of Anemia
- 1. Anaemia Dr Akshay Shetty Assistant Professor SSRAMC & H Inchal
- 2. Contents Objectives Definition of Anaemia Pathophysiology of Anaemia Clinical Features of Anaemia Investigations of Anaemia Summary References 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 2
- 3. Objectives At the end of the presentation the learners must be able to • Define Anaemia • Discuss pathophysiology of Anaemia • Explain Clinical Features of Anaemia • State Investigations of Anaemia 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 3
- 4. Definition Anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin concentration in blood below the lower limit of normal range for age and sex of the individual. Lower extreme Adults • Male 13.0g/dl • Female 11.5g/dl • Lower extreme New born • 15 g/dl Lower extreme 3 months • 9.5 g/dl 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 4
- 5. Cont… Although haemoglobin value is analysed as major parameter for determining of anaemia the RBC count ,haematocrit (PCV) and Absolute value (MCV,MCH & MCHC) provide alternate mean of assessing anaemia. 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 5
- 6. Pathophysiology of Anaemia Subnormal level of Hb Causes lowered carrying capacity of the blood . This in turn initiates compensatory physiological adaptation • Increases release of O2 from Haemoglobin • Increases blood flow to the tissues • Maintenance of blood volume • Redistribution of blood flow to maintain the cerebral blood supply 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 6
- 7. Cont.. Eventually tissues hypoxia develops causing impaired functions of the affected tissues Tissues with high oxygen requirement such as heart ,CNS and Skeletal muscle during exercise bear the burnt of clinical effects of anaemia. 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 7
- 8. Clinical features The signs and symptoms develop depend upon four main factors •Speed of onset of anaemia •Severity of anaemia •The age of Patient •The haemoglobin disassociation curve 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 8
- 9. Symptoms Tiredness Easy Fatigability Generalized muscle weakness Lethargy Headache 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 9
- 10. Cont… In older patients Cardiac failure Angina pectoris Intermittent claudation Confusion Visual disturbance 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 10
- 11. Signs Pallor Mucus membrane ,Conjunctiva ,Skin CVS Tachycardia, Collapsing pulse, Cardiomegaly ,mid systolic flow murmur, Dyspnoea on exertion, Elderly CHF CNS Giddiness ,Headache, Tinnitus ,Drowsiness, Numbness, Tingling sensation of hand and feet Ocular manifestation Retinal haemorrhages,/Bleeding diathesis Reproductive system Menstrual disturbance , Amenorrhea, Menorreghia, loss of libido Renal system Mild proteinuria GI system Anorexia, Flatulence, Nausea, Constipation and weight loss 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 11
- 12. Investigations • Hb estimation • Peripheral blood examination Variation in size (Aniscocytosis) Macrocytes (Aplastic Anaemia, Megaloblastic Anaemia) Microcytes (Iron deficiency anaemia ) 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 12
- 13. Cont.. Variation in shape (Poikilocytosis)--- variation in shape Hypochromia Compensatory erthrypoiesis Miscellaneous changes • Red blood indices Iron deficiency anaemia & Thalessmia MCV,MCH,&MCHC Acute blood loss : MCV,MCH,CCHC Megaloblastic anaemia : MCV • ESR • Bone marrow examination 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 13
- 14. Summary Define Anaemia Discuss pathophysiology of Anaemia Explain Clinical Features of Anaemia State Investigations of Anaemia 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 14
- 15. References • Harrison’s PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Seventeenth Edition • Davidson Principles Of Medicine & Practice Of Medicine .20th Ed. 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 15
- 16. THANK YOU 02/07/2021 Introduction to Anaemia (Dr Akshay Shetty) 16