Neonatal Resuscitation.pptx
- 1. NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PRESENTED BY: Anmol Prashar B.Sc. Nursing 4th year (Intern) Roll no. 6
- 2. INTRODUCTION The vast majority(90%) of newborn babies do not require resuscitation, very few (10%) require active resuscitation, and majority of them respond to initial steps Out of those who required resuscitation only 1% need aggressive resuscitative measures to recover from birth asphyxia The word Asphyxia is a greek word which means means ‘ Stopping of Pulse’ due to lack of oxygen in respired air
- 3. Introduction Contd.. It contributes to 19% of all neonatal deaths The word “Resuscitation” means to arouse again and is a live saving skill, henceforth all health care professionals attending the mother during delivery are required to be competent in resuscitation.
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF RESUSCITATION Oxygen is important for every part of the human body Without it, the cells that make up organs- brain and other body parts- will die Before birth, the fetus receives oxygen from the placenta After birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut which stops the delivery of oxygen from the placenta
- 5. Importance of resuscitation Contd.. If the baby does not start breathing immediately after birth, s(he) may even die due to lack of oxygen. A proper resuscitation helps the baby to attain normal breathing. Therefore,all health care providers should develop basic resuscitation skills.
- 7. An increased risk of breathing problems may occur in babies who are: preterm born after long traumatic labor born to mothers who received sedation during the late stages of labor However, it should be kept in mind that any baby may have breathing difficulty at birth.Therefore, it is important to be prepared for resuscitation in all deliveries.
- 8. KEY TO SUCCESSFUL RESUSCITATION All health professionals who attend the mother at birth must be skilled at resuscitation and know how to recognise babies at risk. They must: Anticipate and be prepared know what to do
- 9. Contd… In what order Be able to work quickly in coordination Document/record Maintain hygiene Focus on mother needs
- 10. PREPERATION IN DELIVERY ROOM When a baby has asphyxia, resuscitation must be started right away. If supplies are not prepared, much time can be lost before starting resuscitation.
- 11. Contd… • With this lost time a baby can become worse • Preparations should include having warm, corner to do the resuscitation, equipment and supplies
- 13. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES Important points about the equipment to be Used: Equipment must be cleaned and checked after each delivery and checked again before the next delivery to ensure it is ready for use. Broken equipment is dangerous and should be replaced. Equipment must be of the appropriate size
- 14. Contd… Pediatric and adult bag and masks cannot be used on newborn babies who have small and fragile lungs The volume of the bag should not be more than 240-500 mL; it should be able to generate a pressure of at least 35 cm of water If a mucus extractor is used the trap should be big enough (20 mL) to prevent aspirated fluid into the respirator’s mouth
- 15. Contd… A reusable mucus extractor with a bulb is NOT recommended because they are difficult toclean and might act as a source of cross infection Suction should not exceed a negative pressure of 100 mm Hg or 130 cm water. Resuscitation can be done without having piped oxygen available
- 16. Contd… Start the resuscitation with the room air. The oxygen can be used if required In preterm babies it is desirable to use air oxygen blender to deliver starting FiO between 30 to 90 percent This can be later titrated depending on
- 19. ASSESSING THE NEED The steps to be taken at the time of birth are given below: Note the time of birth Receive baby in dry warm linen Is baby breathing (The chest should move equally on both sides with no difficulty between 30 to 60 times in a minute) or crying? If yes provide routine care.If NO the baby will require Resuscitation starting with initial steps. Hence, the first question to be asked at birth is “ Does the baby need help with its breathing ?”
- 20. ROUTINE CARE (IF CRYING) The steps of routine care include: Dry the baby on mother's abdomen Provide warmth by skin to skin contact Cut cord in 1-2 minutes Evaluate respiration and heart rate
- 21. 1. Dry baby on mother’s abdomen • A new born baby should be dried on his mother's abdomen or chest with a warm towel. • After drying, the wet towels or clothes should be replaced and the baby loosely wrapped in clean, dry and warm towels. • Drying the baby and wiping its eyes will take about 30 seconds; discarding the wet cloth and replacing it with a warm cloth will take about 10 seconds.
- 22. 2. Provide warmth by skin to skin contact • Keeping a baby warm at birth is a priority. Provide warmth to the baby by direct skin to skin contact with mother • Breathing and warmth go together and breathing should be assessed whilst drying the baby. • Drying itself often provides sufficient stimulation for breathing to start in mildly depressed newborn babies.
- 23. 3.Cut cord in 1-2 minutes Clamp and cut the cord in 1-2 minutes There are research evidence to prove that delayed cord clamping results in healthier blood and iron levels in babies, and this benefit outweighs the slightly higher risk of developing jaundice 4. Ongoing Evaluation of neonate Evaluate respiration and heart rate of the baby.
- 24. APGAR SCORING The Apgar score is a scoring system doctors and nurses use to assess newborns one minute and five minutes after they’re born. Dr. Virginia Apgar created the system in 1952, and used her name as a mnemonic for each of the five categories that a person will score Since that time, medical professionals across the world have used the scoring system to assess newborns in their first moments of life.
- 26. IF NOT CRYING • Begin initial steps of resuscitation • Provide initial care (refer to algorithm) • Cut cord immediately • Place under radiant warmer • Provide initial steps (dry, position, clear airway and tactile stimulus)
- 27. Contd.. INITIAL STEPS: 1. Cut the cord immediately and place the baby under radiant warmer 2. Provide initial steps a. Dry b. Position
- 28. Contd… c. Clear airway as necessary (it may involve suctioning the trachea to remove meconium) d. Tactile stimulus to stimulate the baby to breathe, reposition the head to maintain an open airway. e. Evaluate respiration and heart rate of the baby after 30 seconds of initial steps.
- 29. Initial steps contd.. Dry Dry the baby thoroughly under the radiant warmer and remove wet linen. Position Place the baby on its back.Position the head so that it is slightly extended (to open the airway)
- 30. Contd.. Place a folded piece of cloth under the baby‘s shoulders to help maintain this position (the folded cloth should not be too thick or thin-this may cause over extension or flexion which will close the airway) CLEAR AIRWAY AS NECESSARY (IT MAY INVOLVE SUCTIONING THE TRACHEA TO REMOVE MECONIUM) Suction first the mouth and than the nose(Remember 'M' comes before 'N')
- 31. Clear airway as necessary contd.. Do this by gently introducing a suction tube 5 cms into the baby's mouth until the ‘5cms' mark is at the baby's lips Use suction while withdrawing the tube Next introduce the suction tube upto 3 cms into each nostril.Use suction while withdrawing the tube
- 32. Contd.. • Repeat suction if there is lot of mucus, amnioitic fluid or meconium but not more than two times or for a duration exceeding 20 seconds • In case of meconium and baby if non vigorous (any of the following if abnormal, i.e. heart rate > 100, good breathing, good tone) • After inserting a laryngoscope, use a 12 F or 14 F suction catheter to clear the mouth and posterior pharynx so that glottis can be visualized
- 33. Contd.. • Insert an endotracheal tube into the trachea and attach a suction source to the endotracheal tube through a special aspirator device. • Apply suction for several seconds when the tube is in trachea and continue suction while withdrawing. • In case bradycardia is encountered the resuscitation should take priority over suction of trachea
- 34. Tactile stimulus to stimulate the baby to breathe, reposition the head to maintain an open airway The safe and appropriate methods of providing tactile stimulation are: Gently flicking or slapping the soles Gently rubbing the back, trunk and the extremities of the baby Any form of stimulation will initiate breathing, if baby is in primary apnoea Therefore 1 or 2 flicks or slaps to the sole or gently rubbing the back once or twice is sufficient
- 36. Evaluate respiration and heart rate of the baby after 30 seconds of initial steps Evaluate the newborn during the above mentioned first interventions and this should not take more than 30 seconds to complete. What to do if the heart rate or respiration is abnormal? On evaluation of breathing and heart rate after initial steps, if baby is apneic or has gasping respiration or heart rate less
- 37. What to do if the heart rate or respiration is abnormal? Contd.. • If baby is breathing well and heart rate is above 100 but respirations are labored or you think that the baby is persistently cyanotic • Such baby needs additional respiratory support (especially if pre- term) and tailored optimal oxygen delivery • If the CPAP machine for respiratory support and the blender with pulse oxmeter for optimal oxygen delivery are not available, one can consider starting supplemental oxygen and shifting baby immediately to NICU
- 38. Free flow of oxygen Free flow of oxygen can be provided by: Oxygen mask held over the baby's face Flow inflating bag and mask Oxygen tubing cupped closely over the baby's mouth and nose T piece resuscitator
- 39. Contd.. If the central cyanosis persists, it would be ideal to attach a pulse oximetry probe to determine if the baby‘s oxygenation is in the abnormal range If the levels are below the saturation targets established for a normal baby during transition and are not increasing,we may have to think providing supplemental oxygen. Saturation targets for a normal baby are given above
- 40. PPV is initiated if: The infant is apneic or gasping, or The heart rate is less than 100 bpm even with breathing
- 41. PPV & ITS EQUIPMENTS It is important equipment to be used is a self inflating bag . You should become completely familiar with this equipment. 1.Self-inflating bag: The self-inflating bag is designed to inflate automatically as you release your grip on the bag It does not require a compressed gas source to fill You should be able to identify various parts of a self-inflating bag.
- 42. Ppv and its equipments Contd.. As the bag re-expands following compression, gas is drawn into the bag through a one-way valve that may be located at either end of the bag depending on the design. This valve is called the air inlet. Every self-inflating bag has an oxygen inlet which is usually located near the air inlet It is a small nipple or projection to which oxygen tubing can be attached when oxygen is needed.
- 43. Ppv and its equipments Contd... The patient outlet is where gas exits from the bag to the infant and where the mask or ET tube attaches. In many self-inflating bags, the valve assembly allows gas to flow from the bag through the patient outlet only while bag is being compressed Since oxygen flow is not continuous, these bags can not be used to provide free-flow oxygen.
- 44. Ppv and its equipments Contd... An oxygen reservoir is an appliance that can be placed over the bag‘s air inlet. It helps in delivering a high concentration of oxygen to the baby and allows oxygen to be administered in a concentration as high as 90% to 100%. Most resuscitation bags used in neonatal resuscitation have a safety mechanismin the form of a pressure release valve to guard against in advertent transmission of excess pressure to the baby‘s lungs.
- 45. Ppv and its equipments Contd... Pressure release valves are generally set to release at 30 to 40 cm H2O. If pressures greater than this are generated, the valve opens, limiting the pressure being transmitted to the lungs of infant The ideal size of the bag for neonates is 240 to 500 mL capacity.
- 47. RESUSCITATION MASKS Masks come in a variety of shapes, sizes and materials. Resuscitation masks should have cushioned rim to prevent injury to the face. The rim conforms more easily to the shape of the infant‘s face, making it easier to form a seal. An appropriate size mask will cover the tip of chin, mouth, and the nose but not the eyes.
- 49. ASSEMBLING THE EQUIPMENT The bag should be assembled and connected to oxygen so that it provides 90% to 100% oxygen. If a self-inflating bag is used, be sure that the oxygen reservoir is attached. Connect the mask to the bag.
- 50. TESTING EQUIPMENT To check a self-inflating bag, block the mask or patient outlet by making an airtight seal with the palm of your hand. Then squeeze the bag: Do you feel pressure against your hand? Can you force the pressure-release valve open? Is the valve assembly present and moving well? If not checked.
- 51. TESTING EQUIPMENT Contd.. Is there a crack or leak in the bag? Is the pressure-release valve missing or stuck or closed? Is the patient outlet completely blocked? If your bag generates adequate pressure and the safety features are working, while the mask-patient outlet is blocked, check to see: Does the bag re-inflate quickly when you release your grip?
- 52. HOW TO VENTILATE? Re-check the baby's position Reposition the baby so that the neck is slightly extended Put the folded piece of cloth under the baby's shoulders at this time Place the correct sized mask on the baby's face so that it covers the baby's chin,mouth and the nose
- 54. HOW TO VENTILATE? Contd…. Make a seal between the mask and the baby's face Hold the mask in place gently but firmly. Keep the head in position Squeeze the bag attached to the mask with the thumb and two fingers so as to cause adequate chest rise
- 55. HOW TO VENTILATE? Contd…. Squeeze and release the bag two or three times Watch the baby's chest as the bag is squeezed Does it rise as the bag is squeezed? If the baby's chest is rising, the ventilation pressure is probably adequate
- 56. IF THE BABY‘S CHEST IS NOT RISING, THERE CAN BE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS:
- 57. CHEST COMPRESSIONS Chest compressions are used to temporarily increase circulation and oxygen delivery Chest compressions must always be accompanied by ventilation Ventilation must be performed to ensure that the blood being circulated during chest compressions gets oxygenated.
- 58. CHEST COMPRESSIONS Contd... After 30-45 seconds of chest compressions, the baby‘s heart rate should be re-assessed If heart rate is still less than 60 per minute, chest compressions should be continue (after administering Inj. adrenaline); if heart rate is >60/min, stop chest compressions
- 59. CHEST COMPRESSIONS Contd... Chest compression is accompanied by PPV For every 3 compressions 1 breath is delivered (in a minute 90 compressions and 30 breaths are given)
- 60. MEDICATIONS Medications like adrenaline and volume expanders (saline, ringer lactate) should be administered during resuscitation when in spite of adequate ventilation and cardiac compression, together for more than 45 seconds to 1 minute, the heart rate remains <60/min and is not improving or if there is initial asystole after 30 sec of BMV Umbilical vein is the quickest venous access for neonatal resuscitation.
- 62. MEDICATIONS Contd… If the baby is severely compromised but all resuscitation efforts have gone smoothly Baby‘s heart rate continues to remain below 60 bpm, you may consider mechanical causes of poorresponse such as air way malformation, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia or congenital heart disease.
- 63. FOLLOW UP CARE • Follow up care after successful resuscitation can be observational care or post resuscitation care • Newborns that have required PPV for less than 1 minute should be provided Observational care includes: Provide warmth Initiate Breastfeeding
- 64. FOLLOW UP CARE Contd… Monitor newborn (temperature, heart rate, breathing, and color every 30 minutes for 2 hours) Post- Resuscitation Care: Babies who have received PPV for more than 1 minute or more extensive resuscitation like intubation, chest compression are at high risk of further deterioration. These babies should be managed in special care newborn unit.
- 65. BEFORE DISCHARGE RECORD THE EVENTS OF BABY BEFORE DISCHARGE Record what has happened as soon as possible after the baby is stable. The information is important if a baby needs to be referred or becomes sick in the next few days.
- 66. BEFORE DISCHARGE Contd… EXAMINE THE BABY BEFORE DISCHARGE The baby should be thoroughly examined before (he) is discharged from the delivery room Tell parents that although the possibility of complications is low, there is still a small probability that the baby may have problems such as feeding difficulty or convulsions in the first few days.
- 67. BEFORE DISCHARGE Contd… Instruct them to take the baby to the nearest hospital if these problems occur Encourage the mother to maintain skin-to-skin contact as much as possible in the next few days
- 68. REFERENCES: Basic Newborn Resuscitation: A practical guide.WHO/RHT/ MSM/98.1 WHO essential newborn care course based on pregnancy, postpartum and newborn case guide for essential practice www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/publications/en. Neonatal resuscitation: India. Text Book .1st Edition.www.nnfi.org.