complete slides about parts of speech

Parts of speech
Ansar nisar
bt14024

What is speech and what are its parts?

History:
• In the Nirukta, written in the 5th or 6th
century BC,
the Sanskrit grammarian Yāska defined four
main categories of words.
• A century or two after the work of Nirukta,
the Greek scholar Plato wrote in
the Cratylus dialog about different parts of
speech Aristotle added another class,
"conjunctions“.

Noun
 Nouns are words that name people,
places, things, or ideas.
Example

Which One Is Noun?
Computer
Actual Thing Word
Continue..

Types Of Noun
1. Common
These name general, nonspecific people, places, things,
or ideas.
Examples:
man, city, religion, airline
2. Proper
These name specific people, places, things, or ideas.
Examples:
Imran Khan, Lahore, Islam, PIA
Continue..

Types Of Noun
3. Abstract
They name something that you cannot perceive with
your five senses.
Examples:
happiness, love, pride, religion, belief
4. Concrete
These name something that you can perceive with your
five senses.
Examples:
eyes, lion, suitcase, flower, chocolate
Continue..

Types Of Noun
5. Countable
These can be counted.
Examples:
clock/clocks and pencil/pencils, movie, train
6. Uncountable
These cannot be counted.
Examples:
milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food and music
Continue..

Types Of Noun
7. Compound
These are made up of two or more smaller words.
Examples:
eyeglasses, New York, sunflower
8. Collective Nouns
They refer to a group of things as one whole.
Examples:
bunch, audience, flock, team, group, family
Continue..

Types Of Noun
9. Singular
These refer to one person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples:
cat, ship, hero, monkey, baby
10. Plural
These refer to more than one person, place, thing, or
idea.
Examples:
cats, ships, heroes, monkeys, babies
Continue..

Types Of Noun
11. Possessive Noun
These show ownership.
Examples:
Dad's car, the student's books and Ali's hat

Rules for changing
singular nouns into
plural nouns
Presented by:
Muhammad Sultan
Roll no.Bt14053

The Noun : Number
• The Singular Noun:
A Noun that denotes one person , place or thing is said
to be in the Singular Noun like man , cat and child.
• The Plural Noun: A
Noun that denotes more than one person ,
place or thing is said to be is the Plural Noun
like men , cats and children.

Most of singular nouns make their plural by addition of
‘s’, and sound as |z|
Examples:
Balloon becomes Balloons
Thing becomes Things
When p,k,t,f come at the end of a noun,
It makes their plural by adding s and its sound is
pronounced as |s|.
Example:
Cat becomes cats
Cup becomes cups

When singular noun ends at o,ch,sh,ss,x
then plural is made by adding es and it
sounds as |iz|.
Examples:
Box Boxes
Catch catches
Dish dishes

 When a noun ends at y two cases arise which are:
When alphabet before
‘y’ is a vowel then plural
is made by simply
adding ‘s’ in the noun.
Example:
Boy becomes Boys
Toy becomes Toys
When alphabet before
‘y’ is not a vowel then
plural is made by
removing ‘y’ and
placing ‘ies’ in noun.
Example:
Butterfly becomes
butterflies

 These twelve words always make their plural by just
removing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ and adding ‘ves’ at end.
1. CalfCalves
2. Half Halves
3. Wolf Wolves
4. Wife Wives
5. Knife Knives
6. Thief Thieves
7. Shelf Shelves
8. SelfSelves
9. Leaf Leaves
10. Life Lives
11. Loaf Loaves
12. Sheaf Sheaves

There are some nouns which end on ‘f’
but make their plural by
Example:
Chief Chiefs
Gulf Gulf s
Cliff Cliff s
Roof Roofs
Adding ‘s’ without removing
‘f’.

 Some nouns make their plural by just changing vowel in
them:
Example:
Man Men
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Louse lice
Over to next!

Adjective
A word which modifies noun or
pronoun. It enhances the impact of
noun or pronoun.

Examples:
Adjective modifying noun:
 Large elephant
 Empty house
Adjective modifying pronoun:
 He is brave
 they are good students.

Placement of Adjective:
• It takes its place before as well as after the
noun or pronoun which it modifies.
Example:
1. He is a brave man.
2. House was empty.

Degrees of Adjective:
• There are three degrees of adjective.
1) POSITIVE
2) COMPARATIVE
3) SUPERLATIVE

Types of Adjective:
1. Possessive adjective
2. Articles
3. Demonstrative adjective
4. Indefinite adjective
5. Numbers

Name: Soban Ahmed
Roll no. : BT14047
Presented to : Miss Rabia Iram

The Verbs:
The word which tells us something else about
something else is called a verb.
A verb denotes an action, feeling or being of a
subject (noun)

Examples of Verbs:
The train moves.
The guest arrived yesterday.
He received his gift.

Importance:
The verb plays a sole of backbone of a
sentence without a verb you never complete
your sentence.

Kinds of Verb
Transitive verb.
Intransitive verb.
Auxiliary verb.

Transitive Verb:
The verb in which an action Transit or transmit
itself from subject into object is called
transitive verb.
Examples:-
 Ali killed a tiger.
 Farhan played hockey.
ObjectFunctionSubject

Transitive Verb Examples:
Major Aziz Bhatti won Nisha-e-Haider.
 Question: Who was Nisha-e-Haider?
 Answer: Major Aziz Bhatti (Subject).
 Question: Major Aziz Bhatti won what?
 Answer: Nisha-e-Haider (Object).

Intransitive Verb:
The verb in which an action that performs by a
subject does not transmit itself into object and is
still continue (action or verb) is called intransitive
verb.
In the other words the verb in which only subject
exist is called intransitive verb.
Examples:
 She looks pretty.
 He works well.
Not
objectsubject

Auxiliary Verb:
Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs.
They are used to help the principal verbs.

Auxiliary Verb Examples:
 You were cycling.
 I shall thrash you.
 Pakistan has defeated India.
 Cycling, Thrash and Defeated are main or
principle verbs.
 Were, Shall and Has are Auxiliary verbs.

ADVERB
Basically, most adverbs tell u how ,where or
when some thing is done. In other words, they
describe the manner, place or time of an
action.
Some Examples of Adverbs are :
She sings sweetly.
He writes neatly.
Ahmad smiled cheerfully.

Kind of Adverb
Place determining adverb.
Manner determining adverb.
Time determining adverb.
Frequency determining adverb.
Quantity/Degree determining adverb.
Purpose/Reason determining adverb.
Affirmative/Negation

Adverb of place
Some adverbs and adverbs phrases answer the
question “where?”.
They are called adverb of place.
Examples:
• The boys are playing upstairs.
• The dog is in the garden.
• It’s very sunny but cold outside.
• I’ve lived here for about two years.

Adverb of Manner
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the
way people do things.
Examples:
• He was driving carelessly.
• The plane landed safely.
• Ali plays guitar skillfully.
• The girls answered all the questions correctly.
• The team played wonderfully.

Adverb of Time
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the
question “when?”
They are called adverb of time.
Examples:
• The train has already left.
• We moved into our new house last week.
• Our favorite T.V. program starts at 6’o clock
• We shall now begin to work.
• He comes here daily.

Adverb of Frequency
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the
question “how often an action is done”
They are called adverb of frequency.
Examples:
• The children always go to school on the bus.
• I clean my bedroom everyday.
• Dad polishes his shoes twice a week.

Adverb of Quantity/Degree
It shows how much , or in what degree or to
what extent.
Examples:
• The sea is very stormy.
• I am fully prepared.
• These mangoes are almost ripe.
• He was too careless.

Adverb of Purpose/Reason
The adverb which tells about a reason is called
adverb of reason.
Examples:
• He is hence unable to refute the charge.
• He therefore left school.
• We all go for a picnic just for enjoyment.

Adverb of
Affirmation/Negation
The adverb which says yes if it is yes and no if it
is no.
Examples:
• I don’t know.
• Surely you are mistaken.
• He certainly went.

Formation of Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to their
corresponding adjectives. Examples are:
kindly(kind),slowly(slow),hardly(hard),sweetly
(sweet) etc.
She is very beautiful (adjective).
She is beautifully (adverb) dressed.
He is a strange (adjective) person.
He behaved strangely (adverb).

Points to be Noted
1) If the adjective end in –y, replace it with –i
and then add –ly examples are:
• Happy Happily
• Angry Angrily
• Lucky Luckily
2) If the adjectives ends in –able, -ible or –le,
replace the –e with –y. Examples are:
• Probable Probably
• Gentle Gently
• Horrible Horribly

Cont.…..
3) If the adjective ends in –ic, add –ally.
Examples are :
• Basic Basically
• Economic Economically
This rule ,however, has an exception. The adverb
formed from public is publicly, not publically

Introduction
Name : Zohaib Ahmad
Roll no : BT14003
Topic : Preposition

Preposition
Defination:-
The word used before noun and pronoun to show relation between other
words in the sentence is called preposition.
Examples:-
 There is a cow in the field.
 He is fond of tea.
 I go to university daily.

Common prepositions
Some common used prepositions are:-
on in of under
about against into like
above over from for
across during except upon
after without in front of between

Classification of Preposition
 Simple Prepositions:-
These include following
examples:
at, by ,in ,on, of, out, through, till, to, up, with,
from, off etc.
 Compound Preposition:-
It is composed of two words:
instead of ,according to ,because of ,in addition
to etc.

Preposition with nouns, adjectives,
verbs
 Nouns and prepositions:
Example:
His fear of flying made travel difficult.
 Adjectives and prepositions:
Example:
Ali is afraid of bats.
 Verbs and prepositions:
Example:
I live in this house.

Preposition phrase as a Noun
It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun.
Example:
“During a church service is not a good time to discuss
picnic plans”
But this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic
writing.

Idiomatic expressions with
prepositions
 Agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in
principle.
 Argue about a matter, with a person, for a preposition.
 Live at an address, in a house, on a street, with other
people.
 Correspond to a thing, with a person.
 Differ from an unlike thing, with a person.

Prepositions in parallel form
1. When two words are used in parallel and require the same preposition
to be idiomatically correct, the preposition does not have to be used
twice.
Example:
 You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter.
2. When the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions,
we must be careful not to omit one
of them .
Example:
 The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie.

Conjunction :
• The word which joins two phrases ,
clauses or sentences.
• For example:

Types of conjunction
• Coordinate conjunction
Coordinate conjunction is to join words,
phrases and clauses together, which are usually
grammatically equal.
Example:
 Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.
 I wanted to buy a car but I had no money.

Subordinate conjunction
• These conjunction are those that introduce
subordinate clause and join them to main clauses.
Example:
 She cannot come back because she is ill.
 The patient had died before the doctor came.

Interjections
Abdul Manan Saqib
(BT14041)

What are interjections?
Interjections are the words that express
strong feelings or emotions which are
not grammatically related to the rest of
the sentence.
Oh, no!
Wow!
Stop!
Ouch!

Interjections
They can show
happiness(Hurrah!),sorrow
(alas!),anger(grrrr!),surprise(aha!)
or other emotions.

Interjections
***Use an Exlaimation mark(!) If the
emotion is strong***
• Wow! I won the lottery!
***Use a Comma(,) if the emotion is not
strong***
• Wow, I have a peanut and jelly sandwich
for lunch.

Common interjections
Ouch! Hurrah!
Oops! wow!
LOL! Aha!
shit! Alas!
Oh! Aw!
See next slide for further explanation

Other interjections
Word or phrase Meaning
Aha! Surprise, satisfaction
Alas! Sorrow
Hurrah! Excitement
Oops! Recognition of mistake
Ouch! Exclamation of pain

Importance
• Express the writer’s feelings.
• May be in the end or beginning of a
sentence
• Followed by exclamation mark.
• Placed between commas.
• Used in informal writing.

complete slides about parts of speech

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complete slides about parts of speech