Presentation1.pptx
- 2. Module 1 Introduction, Environmental Aspects Of Energy-Ecology-Greenhouse Effect-Global Warming Pollution-Various Pollutants and their Harmful Effects-Green Power-The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCC) Environment-Economy Energy and Sustainable development-Kyoto Protocol - Classification of Energy Resources Conventional Energy Resources -Availability and their limitations; Non-Conventional Energy Resources –Classification, Advantages, Limitations Comparison of Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources; World Energy Scenario; Indian Energy Scenario
- 3. INTRODUCTION Environment is everything that is present in our surroundings – the place, things and everything around us Everything runs on energy - this includes our body to the buildings we live, industries etc. The word energy itself is derived from the Greek word en-ergon, which means work’ or work content. A systemic study of various forms of energy & energy transformations is called energy science.
- 4. Environmental Aspects Of Energy Every type of energy generation/utilization process affects the environment to some extent either directly or indirectly. The extent of degradation of environment depends mainly on the type of primary energy source. Thus, energy is generated and utilized at expense of adverse environmental impacts. The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption include air pollution, climate change, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal.
- 5. Ecology Ecology is a branch of science, including human science, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere. Ecology is the study of organisms, the environment and how the organisms interact with each other and their environment. It is studied at various levels, such as organism, population, community, biosphere and ecosystem.
- 6. Greenhouse Effect A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be used to grow plants. The sun’s radiations warm the plants and the air inside the greenhouse. The heat trapped inside can’t escape out and warms the greenhouse which is essential for the growth of the plants. Same is the case in the earth’s atmosphere. During the day the sun heats up the earth’s atmosphere. At night, when the earth cools down the heat is radiated back into the atmosphere. During this process, the heat is absorbed by the greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. This is what makes the surface of the earth warmer, that makes the survival of living beings on earth possible. Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed by the greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. This insulates the surface of the earth and prevents it from freezing.”
- 8. Have you seen a greenhouse? Most greenhouses look like small glasshouses. Green houses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter.
- 9. How do greenhouses work? Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter.
- 10. Greenhouse Effect Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60 º F colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
- 11. Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases are the gases that absorb the infrared radiations and create a greenhouse effect. Major green house gases: Water Vapor H2O Carbon Dioxide CO2 Chlorofluorocarbons CFC’s Methane (natural gas) CH4 Nitrous oxide NO2 Ozone (in the troposphere) O3 Water vapor and CO2 are the most abundant
- 12. Water Vapour There is more water in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide so most of the greenhouse heating of the Earth’s surface is due to water vapour. The water vapour content in the atmosphere is constant which means it hasn’t changed. Water vapour is the biggest contributor to the “natural greenhouse effect” Human activities have little impact on the level of water vapour.
- 13. Carbon Dioxide Our atmosphere contains many natural gases other than ozone. One of these natural gases is carbon dioxide. Our atmosphere needs a certain amount of this gas. It is carbon dioxide that helps to keep the Earth warm. This gas holds in just enough heat from the sun to keep animals and plants alive. If it held in more heat than it does the climate on Earth would grow too hot for some kinds of life. If it held in less heat, Earth’s climate would be too cold. Carbon Dioxide is probably the most important of the greenhouse gases and is currently responsible for 60 % of the ‘enhanced greenhouse effect’ Increased since industrial revolution Combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petroleum) For every kg of fossil fuel burned 3kg of CO2 released Deforestation Fewer forests = less absorption of CO2 from atmosphere
- 14. Methane Although methane (CH4) persists in the atmosphere for far less time than carbon dioxide (about a decade), it is much more potent in terms of the greenhouse effect. In fact, pound for pound, its global warming impact is 25 times greater than that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. Globally it accounts for approximately 16 percent of human-generated greenhouse gas emissions. Rice Paddies Agriculture Coal mines and natural gas
- 15. Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas: It has a GWP 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-year time scale, and it remains in the atmosphere, on average, a little more than a century. It accounts for about 6 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Result of a natural process, in the nitrogen cycle Enhanced by nitrogen containing fertilizers Can last up to 100 years in atmosphere Industrial Source High temperature combustion of fossil fuels
- 16. Fluorinated Gases Emitted from a variety of manufacturing and industrial processes, fluorinated gases are man-made. There are four main categories: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Sources Foam Cleaners Aerosol sprays Refrigeration and air conditioning coolants
- 17. What is global warming? Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by a general increase in average temperatures of the Earth, which modifies the weather balances and ecosystems for a long time. It is directly linked to the increase of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, worsening the greenhouse effect.
- 18. Causes of global warming that are contributing to the climate crisis Man-made Causes of Global Warming Deforestation Plants are the main source of oxygen. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen thereby maintaining environmental balance. Forests are being depleted for many domestic and commercial purposes. This has led to an environmental imbalance, thereby giving rise to global warming. Use of Vehicles The use of vehicles, even for a very short distance results in various gaseous emissions. Vehicles burn fossil fuels which emit a large amount of carbon dioxide and other toxins into the atmosphere resulting in a temperature increase. Chlorofluorocarbon With the excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators, humans have been adding CFCs into the environment which affects the atmospheric ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the earth surface from the harmful ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. The CFCs have led to ozone layer depletion making way for the ultraviolet rays, thereby increasing the temperature of the earth.
- 19. Industrial Development With the advent of industrialization, the temperature of the earth has been increasing rapidly. The harmful emissions from the factories add to the increasing temperature of the earth. Agriculture Various farming activities produce carbon dioxide and methane gas. These add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase the temperature of the earth. Overpopulation An increase in population means more people breathing. This leads to an increase in the level of carbon dioxide, the primary gas causing global warming, in the atmosphere.
- 20. Natural Causes of Global Warming Volcanoes Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global warming. The ash and smoke emitted during volcanic eruptions goes out into the atmosphere and affects the climate. Water Vapour Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the earth’s temperature, more water gets evaporated from the water bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to global warming. Melting Permafrost Permafrost is frozen soil that has environmental gases trapped in it for several years and is present below Earth’s surface. It is present in glaciers. As the permafrost melts, it releases the gases back into the atmosphere, increasing Earth’s temperature. Forest Blazes Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke. These gases are released into the atmosphere and increase the earth’s temperature resulting in global warming
- 21. The Effect of Global Warming Rise in Temperature Global warming has led to an incredible increase in earth’s temperature. Since 1880, the earth’s temperature has increased by ~1 degrees. This has resulted in an increase in the melting of glaciers, which have led to an increase in the sea level. This could have devastating effects on coastal regions. Threats to the Ecosystem Global warming has affected the coral reefs that can lead to the loss of plant and animal lives. Increase in global temperatures has made the fragility of coral reefs even worse. Climate Change Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions. There are droughts at some places and floods at some. This climatic imbalance is the result of global warming.
- 22. The Effect of Global Warming Spread of Diseases Global warming leads to a change in the patterns of heat and humidity. This has led to the movement of mosquitoes that carry and spread diseases. High Mortality Rates Due to an increase in floods, tsunamis and other natural calamities, the average death toll usually increases. Also, such events can bring about the spread of diseases that can hamper human life. Loss of Natural Habitat A global shift in the climate leads to the loss of habitats of several plants and animals. In this case, the animals need to migrate from their natural habitat and many of them even become extinct. This is yet another major impact of global warming on biodiversity.
- 24. TYPES OF POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION
- 25. WATER POLLUTION
- 26. Water Pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water through natural or human activities and making it unsuitable for its designated use. Fresh Water present on the earth surface is put to many uses. It is used for drinking, domestic and municipal uses, agricultural, irrigation, industries, navigation, recreation. The used water becomes contaminated and is called waste water.
- 27. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Most of Water Pollution is man made It may also occur naturally by addition of soil particles through erosion animal wastes and leaching of minerals from rocks The sources of water pollution can be classified as Municipal Waste Water Industrial Waste Inorganic Pollutants Organic Pollutants Agricultural Wastes Marine Pollution Thermal pollution
- 29. INDUSTRIAL WASTE The major source of water pollution is the waste water discharged from industries and commercial bodies, these industries are chemical, metallurgical, food processing industries, textile, paper industries. They discharge several organic and inorganic pollutants. That prove highly toxic to living beings.
- 30. They include fine particles of different metals, chlorides, sulphates, oxides of iron, cadmium, acids and alkalies.
- 31. ORGANIC POLLUTANTS They Include oils, fats, phenols, organic acids grease and several other organic compounds.
- 32. AGRICULTURAL WASTES Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have become essential for present day high yielding crops. Excess fertilizers may reach the ground water by leaching or may be mixed with surface water of rivers, lakes and ponds by runoff and drainage.
- 33. MARINE POLLUTION Ocean are the final sink of all natural and manmade pollutants. Rivers discharge their pollutants into the sea. The sewage and garbage of costal cities are also dumped into the sea. The other sources include, discharge of oils, grease, detergents, and radioactive wastes from ships.
- 34. THERMAL POLLUTION Thermal Pollution of water is caused by the rise in temperature of water. The main source of thermal pollution are the thermal and nuclear power plants. The power generating plants use water as coolants and release hot water into the original source. Sudden rise in temperature kills fish and other aquatic animals.
- 35. AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant.
- 36. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION Carbon dioxide-this happens because of Deforestation and fossil fuel burning. Sulfur dioxide –Due to the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides- very dangerous to humans at a high concentration. Sulfur in the atmosphere is responsible for acid rain.
- 37. CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it also partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which produces the so- called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night. CO2 in atmosphere --> GLOBAL WARMING
- 38. LAND POLLUTION Land pollution is the demolition of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. Urbanization and industrialization are major causes of land pollution. Four Main causes of land pollution: Construction Agriculture Domestic waste Industrial Waste
- 39. CONSTRUCTION Buildings take up resources and land, the trees are chopped down and used to make buildings. Takes away the places for animals and other organisms to live.
- 40. AGRICULTURE As there are more and more people inhabiting the earth, food is in higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farmland In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it.
- 41. INDUSTRIAL WASTE Plastics factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, coal-fired power plants, metals production factories and other heavy industry all contribute to land pollution.
- 42. NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations. World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be recognized as a major threat to human well- being”
- 43. SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers. Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution. Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.
- 44. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION There are direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people. Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health. High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution. It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks.
- 45. SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution. Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution. Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.
- 46. Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation. Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside. Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places. Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.
- 47. WAYS TO STOP POLLUTION We believe that it is the responsible thing to do to increase recycling. It is just like doing laundry and separating blacks and colors. The residents of the country should also try and do their part and put in at least one day of litter picking up.
- 48. Green power Green energy is any energy type that is generated from natural resources, such as sunlight, wind or water.. Green energy sources are usually naturally replenished, as opposed to fossil fuel sources like natural gas or coal, which can take millions of years to develop. Green sources also often avoid mining or drilling operations that can be damaging to eco- systems. Green energy is important for the environment as it replaces the negative effects of fossil fuels with more environmentally-friendly alternatives. Derived from natural resources, green energy is also often renewable and clean, meaning that they emit no or few greenhouse gases and are often readily available. Even when the full life cycle of a green energy source is taken into consideration, they release far less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, as well as few or low levels of air pollutants. This is not just good for the planet but is also better for the health of people and animals that have to breathe the air. It includes hydro, biogass,solar,wind ,geothermal etc
- 49. United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has been the principle forum for cooperation among nations on greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced climate change since its adoption in 1992. Its objective is “to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system, in a time frame which allows ecosystems to adapt naturally and enables sustainable development.”
- 50. UNFCCC International treaty to address challenges of climate change 192 countries have ratified Entered into force on 21 March 1994 The Convention: Recognizes the global, shared problem Provides a framework for discussion Supports first steps: reporting, assessment, planning Establishes principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" Covers mitigation & adaptation
- 51. What is the Kyoto Protocol? The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions . The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so.
- 52. Principle Concepts of KP Commitments: The heart of the Protocol lies in establishing commitments for the reduction of greenhouse gases that are legally binding for Annex I countries, as well as general commitments for all member countries. Implementation: In order to meet the objectives of the Protocol, Annex I countries are required to prepare policies and measures for the reduction of greenhouse gases in their respective countries. In addition, they are required to increase the absorption of these gases and utilize all mechanisms available, such as joint implementation, the clean development mechanism and emissions trading, in order to be rewarded with credits that would allow more greenhouse gas emissions at home. Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing an adaptation fund for climate change. Accounting, Reporting and Review in order to ensure the integrity of the Protocol. Compliance: Establishing a Compliance Committee to enforce compliance with the commitments under the Protocol.
- 53. The Kyoto Mechanism… Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms. The Kyoto mechanisms are: Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market" Clean development mechanism (CDM) Joint implementation (JI). The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.
- 54. Classification of Energy Resources
- 56. Advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy sources Advantages: Fully developed technology is available to harness this energy. Cost of generation has been brought down to affordable levels. They can be easily transported to any place. Ideal for small applications. Disadvantages: They are polluting because of their emissions. Their availability is reducing as they are in limited quantity in nature and these sources are depleting at a fast pace. They are leading to lot of ecological imbalances. They are usually far off from the point of consumption
- 58. Solar power Solar power is energy from the sun. "Solar" is the Latin word for "sun" and it's a powerful source of energy. Without it, there will be no life. Solar energy is considered as a serious source of energy for many years because of the vast amounts of energy that is made freely available, if harnessed by modern technology. Solar cells are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy. In these cells, there are semiconductors (silicon alloys and other materials). You may have seen small solar cells on calculators or some mobile phones. Solar panels do not generate electricity directly. Instead they heat up water directly. A pump pushes cold water from a storage tank through pipes in the solar panel. The water is heated by heat energy from the Sun and returns to the tank. They are often located on the roofs of buildings where they can receive the most sunlight.
- 59. Solar Energy The two main benefits of using solar energy are Systems do not produce air pollutants or carbon dioxide. Systems on buildings have minimal impact on the environment. The main limitations of solar energy are The amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth's surface is not constant. The amount of sunlight varies depending on location, time of day, season of the year, and weather conditions. The amount of sunlight reaching a square foot of the earth's surface is relatively small, so a large surface area is necessary to absorb or collect a useful amount of energy.
- 60. Wind Energy Wind is caused by huge convection currents in the Earth's atmosphere, driven by heat energy from the Sun. This means as long as the sun shines, there will be wind. The moving air (wind) has huge amounts of kinetic energy, and this can be transferred into electrical energy using wind turbines. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to a substation, then on to homes, business and schools
- 62. Wind Energy Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity distribution.
- 63. Wind Energy Advantages of Wind Energy Clean and renewable source of power Cost effective Rapid growth of industry, large potential Disadvantages of Wind Energy Wind reliability Threat to wildlife Noise and visual pollution
- 64. Tidal Energy Tidal Stream Generator Makes use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines. Tidal Barrage Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height between high and low tides.
- 65. Tidal Energy Advantages Clean fuel source compared to fossil fuels Domestic source of energy Disadvantages Tidal power can have effects on marine life. The turbines can accidentally kill swimming sea life with the rotating blades. Some fish may no longer utilize the area if threatened with a constant rotating or noise-making object. Installing a barrage may change the shoreline within the bay or estuary, affecting a large ecosystem that depends on tidal flats.