Capital in communities: the case of the Cipher Challenge
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The document discusses the 'cipherchallenge,' highlighting how communities of practice facilitate collaborative knowledge sharing within and across organizations. It emphasizes the importance of incentives, both hard and soft, for promoting knowledge exchange, as well as the role of community size and member values in driving active participation. The research draws on case studies to illustrate motivations for involvement, including social connections and personal knowledge growth.
![Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge
CipherChallenge material
The book
Singh, S. (1999). The code book. London: Fourth Estate.
The solutions
Almgren, F., Andersson, G., Granlund, T., Ivansson, L., & Ulfberg, S. (2000). How we
cracked the code book ciphers, [Online]. Available:
http://answers.codebook.org/codebook_solution.pdf
The e-group
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CipherChallenge
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Capital in communities: the case of the Cipher Challenge
- 1. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Presented by Hazel Hall Senior Lecturer School of Computing Napier University, Edinburgh h.hall@napier.ac.uk 1
- 2. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Co-author Dianne Graham Systems Administrator Highland Council Harbour Management Lochinver 2
- 3. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Communities of practice enhance collaborative work – within single organisations – across networks of organisations – in non-organisational groupings 3
- 4. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Communities of practice enhance collaborative work – within single organisations – across networks of organisations – in non-organisational groupings and are dependent on knowledge sharing practice 4
- 5. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Incentives for knowledge sharing 5
- 6. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Incentives for knowledge sharing – provision of rewards • hard • soft 6
- 7. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Incentives for knowledge sharing – provision of rewards • hard • soft – provision of infrastructure • social • technological • boundary 7
- 8. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Incentives for knowledge sharing – provision of rewards • hard • soft Strong belief in organisational – provision of infrastructure ownership of expertise • social • technological Positive attitude towards • boundary knowledge sharing promoted in the organisation 8
- 9. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Incentives for knowledge sharing – provision of rewards • hard • soft Strong belief in organisational – provision of infrastructure ownership of expertise • social • technological Positive attitude towards • boundary knowledge sharing promoted in the organisation 9
- 10. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Incentives for knowledge sharing – provision of rewards How does this apply in a • hard “social” setting? • soft Strong belief in organisational – provision of infrastructure ownership of expertise • social • technological Positive attitude towards • boundary knowledge sharing promoted in the organisation 10
- 11. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge 1997 11
- 12. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge 1997 1999 12
- 13. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge 1999 13
- 14. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Stage 5 109 182 6 11 88 214 74 77 153 177 109 195 76 37 188 166 188 73 109 158 15 208 42 5 217 78 209 147 9 81 80 169 109 22 96 169 3 29 214 215 9 198 77 112 8 30 117 124 86 96 73 177 50 161 Singh, 1999, p. 355 14
- 15. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Stage 5 109 182 6 11 88 214 74 77 153 177 109 195 76 37 188 166 188 73 109 158 15 208 42 5 217 78 209 147 9 81 80 169 109 22 96 169 3 29 214 215 9 198 77 112 8 30 117 124 86 96 73 177 50 161 Singh, 1999, p. 355 Illiad 15
- 16. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge • Identification of Fermat’s last theorem (not Fermat’s last theorem) holding a clue. 16
- 17. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge • Identification of Fermat’s last theorem (not Fermat’s last theorem) holding a clue. • Marginal note: Cubem autem in duos cubos, aut quadratoquodratum in duos quadratoquadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum ultra quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividere. Cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi hanc marginis exiguitas non careret. 17
- 18. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge • Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting: (1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu (41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul (81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin (121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei (161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma (201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret 18
- 19. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge • Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting: (1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu (41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul (81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin (121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei (161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma (201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret 109 182 6 11 88 214 74 77 19
- 20. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge • Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting: (1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu (41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul (81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin (121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei (161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma (201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret 109 182 6 11 88 214 74 77 = plaifair 20
- 21. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge • Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting: (1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu (41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul (81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin (121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei (161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma (201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret Plaifair cipher es el proximo nivel. La palabra secreta es Illiad. 21
- 22. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Purpose of the list 22
- 23. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Monthly contributions to the list 23
- 24. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Completion announced 11 October 2000 24
- 25. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge £10,000? 25
- 26. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Research approach – “Content analysis” – E-mail survey - questionnaire to sample of membership – In-depth interviews • Simon Singh • Code breakers 26
- 27. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Demographics – Male – Under 40 – Beginners 27
- 28. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Demographics – Male – Under 40 – Beginners 28
- 29. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - knowledge capital – Gain knowledge of code-breaking • in general • to solve a particular problem 29
- 30. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - learning – Gain knowledge of code-breaking • in general • to solve a particular problem – Gain information on others’ progress • benchmarking 30
- 31. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - learning – Gain knowledge of code-breaking • in general • to solve a particular problem – Gain information on others’ progress • benchmarking Share knowledge with others 31
- 32. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Help requested 32
- 33. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Benchmarking 33
- 34. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Help provided 34
- 35. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - social contact • In VCs – Individuals seek friendship • instant access to on-going relationships with a large number of people 35
- 36. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - social contact • In VCs – Individuals seek friendship • instant access to on-going relationships with a large number of people – Groups of enthusiasts seek sense of “belonging” • shared identities, relationships, commitments 36
- 37. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - social contact • In VCs t n o rta p o im – Individuals seek friendshipt s • instant access to on-going = no relationships with a large number of people h ip io ns p an om – Groups , c enthusiasts seek sense of “belonging” of se ca • s shared identities, relationships, commitments thi In 37
- 38. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Low importance of social relationships – Topic of the discussions – Clarity of the group’s purpose – Passion and interest for the topic – Demographics of membership – Prospects for interaction in the real world 38
- 39. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - social contact • Encouragement – (Public) one-to-one 39
- 40. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - social contact • Encouragement – (Public) one-to-one – Community 40
- 41. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge One-to-one encouragement 41
- 42. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Motivation to participate - social contact Community encouragement I gained heart from reading all the old posts from people who had solved the various codes already. It was obviously a do-able task. 42
- 43. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Knowledge sharing and capital created Gains Why take? Why give? To break codes Moral obligation To win prize Individual Knowledge capital Reputation Personal satisfaction Community None Knowledge capital Social capital 43
- 44. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Desire to contribute 44
- 45. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Obligation to contribute 45
- 46. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Frustration with lurking free-riders 46
- 47. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Winners were lurking free-riders 47
- 48. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Knowledge sharing and capital created Gains Why take? Why give? To break codes Moral obligation To win prize Individual Knowledge capital Reputation Personal satisfaction Community None Knowledge capital? Social capital 48
- 49. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Lurking to learn 49
- 50. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Knowledge capital? They exchanged a lot of comment such as “Did you know that…?” However, I do not think participants exchanged a lot of new, crucial knowledge. Very few people put forward the sort of knowledge that might jeopardise their chances of winning. 50
- 51. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Guarding against spoilers 51
- 52. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Sub-groups/cliques 52
- 53. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Knowledge creation 53
- 54. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Main conclusions of interest to business applications – The values of community membership determine the power of incentives employed to encourage active participation. 54
- 55. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Main conclusions of interest to business applications – The values of community membership determine the power of incentives employed to encourage active participation. – The breadth of topic focus determines levels/type of activity and associated need for social support. 55
- 56. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Main conclusions of interest to business applications – The values of community membership determine the power of incentives employed to encourage active participation. – The breadth of topic focus determines levels/type of activity and associated need for social support. – Community size matters: inclusion for individual learning, exclusion for knowledge creation. 56
- 57. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge Related work on communities Davenport, E., & Hall, H. (2002). Organizational knowledge and communities of practice. In B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (Vol. 36, pp. 171-227). Medford, New Jersey: Information Today. Hall, H. (2001). Input friendly intranets: motivating knowledge sharing across intranets. Journal of Information Science, 27(3), 139-146. Hall, H. (2001). Social exchange for knowledge exchange. Paper presented at the Managing knowledge: conversations and critiques, 10-11 April 2001, University of Leicester. Hall, H. (in press). Borrowed theory: applying exchange theories in information science research. Library and Information Science Research, 25. 57
- 58. Capital in communities: the case of the CipherChallenge CipherChallenge material The book Singh, S. (1999). The code book. London: Fourth Estate. The solutions Almgren, F., Andersson, G., Granlund, T., Ivansson, L., & Ulfberg, S. (2000). How we cracked the code book ciphers, [Online]. Available: http://answers.codebook.org/codebook_solution.pdf The e-group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CipherChallenge 58