Application of Automation in different sectors
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This document discusses various applications of automation in different sectors such as medical, defense, mining, and agriculture. In the medical field, it describes how nanorobots and automated dispensing devices can help with diagnosis and targeted drug delivery. It also discusses robotic surgery tools like AESOP, Zeus, and da Vinci. In defense, it outlines automated systems for missiles, drones, and radar targeting. For mining, it explains technologies like seismic imaging, laser imaging, and automated drilling, hauling, and exploration equipment. Finally, it discusses sensors and automation for site-specific spraying and yield mapping in agriculture.
Application of Automation in different sectors
- 1. Ajay.K Dwaraganath.P Gowtham.M Application of automation in different sectors A special Thanks for the sake of contributions from
- 2. WHAT IS AUTOMATION It is a technology dealing with the application of Mechatronics Computers For production of goods and services. Automation is broadly classified into Manufacturing automation Service automation 2
- 3. TYPES OF AUTOMATION Fixed automation – Sequence fixed Mechanised assembly line Programmable automation – Sequence can be changed NC machie tools Flexible automation - The equipment is designed to manufacture a variety of products Honda-for production of cars and bikes 3
- 5. Swarms of microscopic robots for medical diagnosis Microscopic robots, of sizes comparable to bacteria, could move through the tiniest blood vessels Thus the robots could pass within a few cell diameters of most cells in large organisms via their circulatory systems to perform a variety of biological research and medical tasks. For instance, robots and nanoscale-structured materials inside the body could significantly improve disease diagnosis and treatment
- 6. Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the scale of a nanometer Potential applications for nanorobotics in medicine include early diagnosis and targeted drug- delivery for cancer,[ biomedical instrumentation, surgery, pharmacokinetics monitoring of diabetes , and health care.
- 7. Pharmacy Automation Technologies Use of these automated medication management systems have been shown to reduce medication errors by between 26% and 81% depending on the setting in which the machines are used. (These high rates of error reduction are achieved when medication orders are reviewed and profiled by pharmacists prior to administration). Unit dose- Medication that is dispensed in a package that is ready to administer, directly, to the patient.Medication/Products currently being unit dose packaged and bar coded
- 8. Automated Medication Dispensing Devices Small systems: Pyxis medstation Baxter ATC Script-pro 200 Larger systems: Baker cells Baxter international
- 9. Automation Technologies in the Operating Room ◦ Robots do not actually replace humans, they improve their ability to operate through small incisions that are being made AESOP A robotic arm, whose base was rigidly attached to the operating table rail and which was covered with a sterile drape, thereby preserving the sterility of the operating environment. The arm provided 7 degrees of freedom with four active joints, two passive joints, and one that could be adjusted statically.
- 10. A sterilized collar that attached to the laparoscope, pierced the sterile drape, and thereby connected to the arm A controller unit that included the processor or “intelligence” of the device. A foot pedal that was operated by the surgeon and controlled the movement of the arm. The HERMES OR Control Center is a computer server that networks and provides centralized control of all of the electronic devices in the operating room. HERMES enables the surgeon to use simple voice commands or a hand-held touch-screen pendant to control a network of smart medical devices that may need adjustment during a surgical procedure.
- 11. Zeus The next generation device, Zeus, named for the mightiest of the ancient Greek deities, came to fruition at the very height of new developments in laparoscopy in the mid-1990s. The initial intent was to facilitate complex microsurgical procedures such as the repetitive but precise suturing required to complete a coronary artery bypass. The device would be defined as a “master-slave” telepresence construct whereby the machine mirrored human movement Additionally, the thinking was to take the surgeon from the strenuous, back-pain-inducing and ergonomically unsatisfying standing position and seat the operator in a comfortable chair with remote controls for the robot and an appropriate orientation to the patient
- 12. The surgeon had a console with two handles, one for each hand, which controlled the respective manipulator and resembled the familiar laparoscopic instrument handle A further development followed in 2001, the MicroWrist System, which added another degree of freedom and a new interface whereby there was direct correlation between surgeon finger motion and motion of the tip of the laparoscopic instrument
- 13. da Vinci The next progression in robotically enhanced surgery was named for one of the greatest visionaries, Leonardo da Vinci In 1997, Cadiere performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy with da Vinci . By 2007, the da Vinci system has reached a critical mass In surgery.
- 14. RP-7 (“Remote Presence, 7th Generation”) The RP-7 (In Touch Technologies, Santa Barbara, California) provides healthcare providers with the opportunity to be in two places at one time; that is, to remotely communicate and interact with patients and personnel when they cannot be there in person There are two componentsto RP-7 ,a robot and a remote control station The remote operator sits at the control station (a computer with a broadband connection) and by means of a joystick can control the RP-7’s position. The same control can be enabled with a wireless laptop computer
- 15. Advantages of Robotic Surgery Shorter Recovery Period Smaller Incisions Less Invasive Decreased Pain Level Post Operatively Shorter hospital stay Less blood loss
- 16. Eyegaze in Medical Applications Endoscopic Surgery Surgeon drives the camera(s) with his eyes, freeing his hands for surgical tools Documentation Support Surgeon designates objects of interest with his eyes, eliminating the need for redundant cursor pointing Patient Communication Nonverbal patient communicates his needs with his eyes (ER, ICU, Vent Units) Patient Monitoring Nurse visually scans patients from a remote station –pans and zooms cameras with her eyes
- 17. Pupil Corneal Reflection An Eyegaze user with ALS types with his eyes.
- 19. AUTOMATION IN DEFENCE • Side winder missiles • Counter measures • UAV drones • SCUD missils • Patriot missiles
- 20. SIDE WINDER MISSILES • Sidewinder missiles is a guided missile. • the infrared seeker is sensitive to engine heat. • A human being is responsible for finding and identifying the target, appropriately aiming the missile so that the its heat-seeking eye can lock onto the target, and then firing the missile.
- 21. COUNTER MEASURES • A bundle of small explosives which is at tail end of aircraft • Used to destroy incoming side winder missile fires by enemy planes or anti aircraft equipment.
- 22. UAV DRONES • It’s a unmanned air vehicle • Its controlled by computer provided with virtual controls • It’s equipped with missiles which allows for attacking ambushed enemy territory where the manned aircraft are more vulnerable
- 23. SCUD MISSILE • Its also guided missile • It is programmed to destroy a designated target • It is mobile one and can be launched by using either ships or a ground vehicle • The missile launched will be under control of computer within certain limit i.e it cannot be aborted beyond certain distance
- 24. A typical patriot battery has five components: • The missiles themselves • The missile launcher, • A radar antenna • An equipment van known as the Engagement Control Station • A power plant truck
- 25. LAUNCHER • Holds, transports, aims and launches the missiles • This part is necessary because each missile weighs almost a
- 26. RADAR ANTENNA • Detects incoming missiles, aircraft, choppers • Provides location of the hostile object
- 27. ENGANGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM • Houses computers and consoles to control the battery. • The radar images are produces in this • The user may stop the offence if a friendly aircraft enters the radar range
- 28. RADAR WORKING
- 30. ECHO
- 31. • If a radar signal hits a surface that is perfectly flat then the signal gets reflected in a single direction (the same is true for refraction). • If the signal hits a surface that is not perfectly flat (like all surfaces on Earth) then it gets reflected in all directions. • Only a very small fraction of the original signal is transmitted back in the direction of the receiver, this is called back scatter
- 32. RADAR IMAGE • To determine the range of a distant object that reflected a radar signal, the receiver must record the time when the signal was received and compare it to when that signal was transmitted. • This time is the time taken for the radio wave to propagate to the object and back to the antenna
- 34. ADVANTAGES • It can protect a country from incoming enemy missiles, aircrafts, choppers, nuke missiles, etc.. • Its mobile unit • It is highly useful in protection to armies residing in camps of enemy territories from airstrikes • It can be used even in NAVY
- 38. MINE PICTURE COMPILATION • In ground model • Equipment model • Out of ground model
- 39. (In ground model) SEISMIC IMAGING
- 40. • First measurements are made on seismic waves passing through a material • The character of these measurements is then analyzed to make inferences on the material such waves have passed through (velocity, density, etc. • The velocity of p and s waves depends on the rheology of the material that they travel through (density and elasticity). • In short, variations in chemical composition and thermal structure result in a change of velocity. Such waves can travel faster through
- 42. LASER IMAGING • Surveys the mined areas i.e scans the existing works • Its an airborne remote controlled equipment • Laser uses ultraviolet, visible or near infra-red light to image rock, • Suitable combinations of wavelengths can allow for remote mapping of atmospheric contents by looking for wavelength-
- 43. HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING • Fusion of SWIR and LWIR spectral imaging is standard for the detection of minerals • Many minerals can be identified from airborne images, and their relation to the presence of valuable minerals, such as gold and diamonds, is well understood
- 44. MERGED IMAGE
- 45. RIG CONTROLLED SYSTEM • The RCS4, which is fourth generation RCS automation, comes with advanced tools to aid mine planning and managing the drilling process, including wireless online data transmission between rig and
- 46. AUTOMATED DRILLING • RCS Controlled drilling increases drilling rates and economy, and also delivers rapid fault detection and lower maintenance costs, higher drill rig availability and utilisation
- 47. Manual Automated
- 48. AUTOMATED EXPLORATION • RCS Controlled drilling increases drilling rates and economy, and also delivers rapid fault detection and lower maintenance costs, higher drill rig availability and
- 49. ISLAND OF AUTOMATION • Use various codes to depict various zones for directing the automated mining equipment
- 50. AUTOMATED TRUCK • Autonomous load haul dump (LHD) and truck haulage systems in open pit and underground mines. • These vehicles have on-board intelligence and perception technologies and GPS which optimise fuel consumption, improve tyre life by consistent driving patterns and minimise collisions. • The outcome is a safer mine and a more efficient fleet of
- 51. • Sensor fusion: Combining information from different sensors for use on board the vehicle • Communications: Handling communication and coordination between multiple agents in the presence of incomplete and imperfect information • Motion planning (also called Path planning): Determining an optimal path for vehicle to go while meeting certain objectives and constraints, such as obstacles • Task Allocation and Scheduling: Determining the optimal distribution of tasks amongst a group of agents, with time and equipment constraints AUTOMATED TRUCK
- 52. • Take specified path as specified on the computer
- 53. Difference between car-like and atriculated vehicle
- 55. • Agriculture aims at the production of high quality food and raw materials. • Rational use of natural resources and preservation of environment. In order to achieve this modern machineries should be used for complex agricutural processes and execute difficult operations at high efficiencies • For this a large amount of information have to transmitted by sensors and stored and processed in data logging system
- 56. • The sensor should be able to measure the grain flow with sufficient accuracy such that measurement errors are less than 5%. • Machine motion and vibration should not disturb the accuracy of the sensor. • Analysis of the measurement signal before it becomes suitable for deriving yield maps should be simple and straightforward. • The accuracy of the sensor must remain independent of variations in bulk properties • Requirements for recalibration and maintainance of the sensor should be limited • The sensor should have an appropriate design for easy integration in combines • A yield sensor has been developed that amply meets the abovementioned performance requirements SENSOR REQUIREMENTS
- 57. • The proposed grain flow sensor is mounted at the outlet of the grain elevator. The sensor consists of a 90-deg curved plate or chute, supported at the elevator housing by two pendulum rods that can rotate around a pivot point. • A beam spring keeps the sensor in its initial position when the machine is at rest. Normally, the threshed grain kernels are thrown by the pin parcels into the storage tank. To lead the grain flow smoothly into the sensor, a deflection plate and a rotor are installed at the head of the elevator. GRAIN YIELD SENSOR
- 58. • The grain mass flow entering the sensor exerts a force on the curved plate,causing the assembly to start rotating around its pivot point against the spring force. Consequently the registered instantaneous deflection of the beam spring by a linear inductive distance sensor is a measure of the mass flow variations in the curved plate.
- 59. To transform the mass flow rate data from the yield sensor into a yield map, additional information is collected by the following sensors: • A capacitive moisture sensor is mounted in the grain elevator to convert the mass flow rate measured at a certain moisture content into a mass flow rate with a standard moisture content(eg.,14%). • A precise Doppler radar sensor to measure the travel speed of the combine, in combination with the ultrasonic sensor outputs, is necessary to relate the actual harvested surface to the measured grain mass flow in the chute
- 60. SITE-SPECIFIC SPRAYING • Agricultural production suffers from losses due to insects, plant diseases, and weeds. Owing to an exponentially growing world population
- 61. • Most weed populations develop in patches in the field, with large areas of the field remaining free of weeds or having a very low weed density in the early stage of infestation. • As a consequence, herbicides would be used more efficiently if they were applied in the appropriate dose, where they are needed, and not to areas with insignificant weed densities. • Thus weeds have been suggested as the suggested as the primary target for spatially selective pest control. To set up a local weed treatment, the weed populations must be evaluated in the field. In this respect, two concepts of site-specific weed control have been suggested: • Weed monitoring is carried out in separate operations prior to the spraying operation (“the mapping concept”). Weed distribution is represented in digitized weed maps, that are later used for spraying • Spraying operations to activate the spraying system using the board computer of the field sprayers. The instantaneous position of the field vehicle is determined by a GPS receiver mounted on the machine.
- 62. REFERENCE • www.howstuffworks.com • www.wikipedia.com • www.riotinto.com • www.eolss.net