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IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 09-19
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and
General Relativity
Fisenko S. I
Rusthermosynthesis JSC, Moscow, Russia, Stanislav
Abstract: The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic
radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of
an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042
G (G is the Newtonian
gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K  5.11031
Nm2
kg-2
and  =4.41029
m-2
, there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational
field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose
the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of
an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation
due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of
the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance
of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of
electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published
papers cited in the references.
I. Introduction
Generally covariant relativistic form of the equations of Einstein's theory of gravitation, as we know, has the
following form:
ikikikik TgRgR 
2
1
(1)
In these equations  is a constant that relates to the geometrical properties of space-time distribution
of physical matter, so that the origin of the equations is not associated with the numerical restriction of the
values. Only the requirements of compliance with the Newton's law of universal gravitation leads to numerical
values
4
/8,0 cG  , where G is the Newton's gravitational constant. Equation with certain constants
determined in such a way and so are the equations of the Einstein’s general relativity theory. The equations (1)
are a common mathematical form of the gravitational field equations corresponding to the principle of
equivalence and the postulate of general covariance. The equations of the form (1) are obtained simultaneously
by Einstein and independently by Gilbert [1]. At the same time, we refer to A. Salam [2], as he is the one of the
first who drew attention to the discrepancy between the quantum level of the numerical value of the Newtonian
gravitational constant. It is he who proposed the concept of "strong" gravity, which was based on the
assumption of the existence of f-mesons of spin-2 generating SU (3) multiplet (described by Pauli-Fierz
equation). It was shown that the possibility of another link constant along with the Newtonian is not inconsistent
with the observed effects [2]. This approach was not further developed due to a number of reasons. It is clear
now that the numerical value of the "strong" gravity constant should be used in equations (1) with 0 . By
the way, when 0 there are stationary solutions of general Einstein's equations as it was stated by Einstein
himself, but after the discovery by A. Friedman [3] non-stationary solutions when 0 , finally the general
theory of relativity was formed as it is now known. The decisive argument in general relativity for equating  -
member to zero is the need to correct limiting transition to Newton's theory of gravitation.
Starting from the 70s it became evident [2] that in the quantum domain numerical value of G is not compatible
with the principles of quantum mechanics. A number of studies [2] have shown that in the quantum domain
acceptable is constant K,wherein K G1040
. This marked the problem of generalization of the relativistic
equations for the quantum level: this generalization should join the numerical values of the constants in
quantum and classical fields.
2.Gravitational radiation of the electrons with line spectrum as being of one level of the electromagnetic
radiation.
In the development of these results as an approximation to the micro level of the field equations of Einstein, a
model based on the following assumptions is proposed:
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
The gravitational field in the region of localization of elementary particles with mass m0 is characterized by the
values of the gravitational constant K and constant Λ, which lead to the stationary states of a particle in its own
gravitational field, and stationary states of the particles themselves are the source of the gravitational field with
the Newtonian gravitational constant G.
The complexity of solving this problem forced to turn to the simplest approximation, namely the
calculation of the energy spectrum only in the approximation of the fine structure due to relativism. In this
approximation, the problem for the stationary states of an elementary source in its own gravitational field is
reduced to the solution of the following equations:
  0
12
2 2
2
0
2





 








 
f
r
ll
KeKef
r
f n

(2)
   









 





 
  


ef
r
ll
KKefl
rrr
e n
2
2
2
0
22
22
1
12
11
(3)
   









 





 
  2
2
22
0
2
22
1
12
11
fe
r
ll
eKKfl
rrr
e n



(4)
      01
11
42
1
2
2
















 nrr
e
rr


(5)
  01

f (6)
  0nrf
(7)

)( 1
R (8)
122
1


drrf
nr
(9)
Equations (2)—(4) follow from equations (10)—(11)
02
0 








 K
x
g
xx
g












(10)
   gTRgR 
2
1
(11)
After the substitution of  in the form of     




 


iEt
Yrf lmEl exp, into them and specific
computations in the central-symmetry field metric with the interval defined by the expression [6]
  22222222
sin dreddrdtecdS 
  (12)
Above indicated: fEl is radial wave function describing the state with a definite energy E and the orbital
angular momentum l (hereinafter indexes El are omitted), Ylm ( , )  are spherical functions, K E cn n  ,
K cm0 0  ,    ( )( )4 0 m ,   8 4
K c .
Right-hand sides of equations (3)-(4) are calculated from the general expression for the energy-momentum
tensor of a complex scalar field:
  

 gKT   2
0
,
,,,,, (13)
The respective components T are obtained summing by index m using specific identities for the spherical
functions [5] after the substitution in (13)     





f r Y
iEt
lm  , exp

.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
In the simplest (in terms of initial mathematical evaluations) approximation, the problem for stationary states in
its gravitational field (with the constants K and  ) was solved in [6]. From the solution of this problem should
be:
a) If the numerical values of K  5.11031
Nm2
kg-2
and  =4.41029
m-2
, there is a spectrum of stationary
states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV). The main state is the
observed electron rest energy 0.511 MeV. This numerical value of  has important physical meaning: an
introduction to the Lagrangian density permanent member, not dependent on the state of the field. This
implies the existence of unremovable space-time curvature, not affiliated with any matter, nor with the
gravitational field.
b) These steady states are the sources of the gravitational field with constant G.
c) Transitions between the stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field leads to gravitational
radiation, which is characterized by a constant K, that gravitational radiation is the emission of the same
level as electromagnetic (electric charge e, gravitational charge ) Km . In this regard, it makes no sense
to say that the gravitational effects in the quantum region are characterized by the constant G. This constant
applies only to the macroscopic field and it can not be transferred to the quantum level (which, by the way,
we remind, show negative results for the detection of gravitational waves with the constant G, and they can
not be). It is considered that according to General Relativity (GR), gravitational radiation can generate only
system with variable quadrupole or higher multipole moments. Under this assumption, the corresponding
power of gravitational radiation is determined by the relationship:
3
3
3
3
5
5
1
dt
Qd
dt
Qd
c
G
L
ij
ij
 ,
where Qij is a quadrupole moment tensor of the mass distribution of the radiating system, and the
constant in this relationship defines the order of magnitude of the radiation power. Wrongfulness of this
formula, as follows from the above, is not to use the quadrupole approximation, but in the scheme calculation.
The presence of stationary states in the own gravitational field allows the correct calculation of gravitational
radiation in the strict quantum approach based on the spectrum of transitions to stationary states already with
constant K. It is permissible to use not only quadrupole, but also dipole quantum approach, which is quite
obvious. Gravitational waves with the constant G do not exist. That is evidenced by the negative results of the
detection of gravitational waves, based on the assumption of a completely illegitimate assumption of
gravitational wave generation by any mass distribution with variable multipole (starting with quadrupole)
moments.
The presence of the stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field is in full compliance
with the special theory of relativity. According to STR, relativistic relation between energy and momentum is
broken, if we assume that the total energy of the electron is determined only by the Lorentz electromagnetic
energy [7]. In more detail the situation is as follows [7]. The energy and momentum of a moving electron
(assuming that the distribution of electric charge is spherically symmetric) is determined by:
2
2
0
1
3
4


cE
VP (14)
2
22
0
1
)
3
1
1(



cVE
E (15)
If this equations determined both the total momentum and total energy, there would have been the equation:
 dt
dt
Pd
VE )( (16)
However this relation does not exist because the integral in the right part is equal to:
const
E

 2
0
1
3
4

(17)
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
If to assume that the momentum contrary to the energy has purely electromagnetic character, the total energy of
the moving electron and the total energy of resting electron as well as for the rest mass, we would have the
relations:
2
'
0'
1 

E
E , 0
'
0
3
4
EE  , 2
0
2
'
0
0
3
4
c
E
c
E
m  , (18)
where the rest mass is determined by the equation:
2
0
1 

Vm
P (19)
Then (18) implies that the total energy of an electron at rest is 4/3 of its Lorentz electromagnetic
energy. That corresponds to the numerical data on the spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own
gravitational field. In the Standard Model the relativistic relation between the energy and momentum of the
electron is broken, as it is assumed that the total energy of the electron is determined only by the Lorentz
electromagnetic energy. This follows from the fact that the gravitational interaction at the quantum level in the
Standard Model is not considered.
It should immediately be noted that the numerical evaluation of the spectrum is approximate. The greatest
uncertainty is the estimation of the numerical value of the first steady state, as more and more accurate as you
approach keVE 171 .
With the help of the Kerr-Newman metric evaluation of the numerical values of K [8] can be obtained by the
formula:
;
)//)(//( 42222
2
crercmmcLLmcr
r
K

 (20)
where r, m, e, L, c are the classical electron radius, mass, charge, orbital angular momentum, the speed
of light, correspondingly. The numerical value of the orbital angular momentum was taken equal to the spin of
the electron.Thus, we can assume that the physical nature of spin is possible that this value is the orbital angular
momentum of the particles in their own gravitational field. This gives ground to consider that the use of Klein-
Gordon equation is not so easy. The distance at which the gravitational field with the constant К is localized is
less than the Compton wavelength, and for the electron, for example, this value is of the order of its classical
radius. At distances larger than this one, the gravitational field is characterized by the constant G, i.e., correct
transition to Classical GR holds.
Figure 1.Electron in proper gravitational field in the ground stationary state.
ri – radius of irremovable curvature,
r0 – ―classical‖ electron radius being a radius of the ground stationary state of electron in proper gravitational
field
There is a problem with the measurement of the proton’s size.There are several approaches. One is
relating to the elastic scattering of electrons on protons. The second uses a high-precision laser spectroscopy.
The matter is that levels in the atom depend on the final size of nucleus. If we work with hydrogen, then the
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
nucleus is the proton. Thus, different methods produce results, inconsistent on 7 sigma. These results are stated
in [20]. And there is no explanation generally accepted. At the same time, on a qualitative level, the existence of
stationary states of a proton in its own gravitational field would explain these results. In the process of
measuring the transitions on these stationary states occur (including the possible resonance of the said spectra of
electron and proton), corresponding to the different states of a proton, which leads to different results. That is, it
is not the measurement accuracy and in that the different states of the proton are measured depending on the
measurement method. It is very important (along with the broadening of the emission spectra of high
temperature plasma of multiply charged ions) result for the quantitative registration of the particles spectra in its
own gravitational field.
3. The spectra of the characteristic radiation of stars and laboratory plasmas
Figure 2 shows the characteristic parts of the spectrum of soft x-rays micropinches. Adjusting
according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of
the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening
the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states
of electrons in their own gravitational field
Figure2. Experimental (a) and calculated (b) parts of the micropinch spectrum normalized to the
intensity of the line Lyβ, in the ionization threshold of the main state of He-like ions. The solid line in the
embodiment b) corresponds to a density of 0.1 g/cm3
, and the dotted line to 0.01 g/cm3
; it was assumed that Te =
0.35 keV [11].
Figure 3. Measured Fe He-δ line at 8.488 keV (broken curve) compared to calculation (smooth curve),[10].
Two groups of researchers independently of each other [15, 16] reported that in the X-ray spectra of
clusters of galaxies they discovered a new line of radiation with energy of 3.57 keV. This emission should come
from the hot intergalactic gas that fills the cluster of galaxies, but, unlike other identified lines, this emission
line cannot be attributed to any atomic transition. The results of these measurements are shown in Figures 4 and
5. At the same time, the resonance of the spectra of stationary states of electrons in their own gravitational field,
and the spectra of multicharge ions can produce not only the registered emission line, but other lines of similar
properties[18,19]. It can be expected that in the case of detailed registration of the emission spectra of
astrophysical objects, the presence of such lines in the energy range of more than 8 keV can be found.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Fig. 4. Above: MOS camera spectrum in the range of 3 to 4 keV of the XMM-Newton observatory.
Individual bars are the results of observations with inaccuracy, the red curve is the best reproduction of the
spectrum, taking into account only the known ion emission lines, the blue curve is the result of an additive of
another previously unknown emission line. Below: the deviation of the observations from the red and blue
curves. [15]
Fig. 5.The X-ray spectrum of the central part of the Andromeda nebula according to the results of
MOS-camera monitoring of the XMM-Newton observatory.Left: the entire range from 1 to 8 keV, at the right
region of 3 to 4 keV. Designations are the same as in Fig. 9. [16]
The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field (Figure 6) and the energy spectra of
multielectron atoms (Figure 7,8) are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such
resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with
atomic transitions.
Figure 6.Transitions to stationary states of electrons in proper gravitational field
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Figure7. Scheme of K-, L- and M-levels of energy of the atom, and the main lines of K- and L- series;
n, l, j are the principal, the orbital and the inner quantum numbers of energy levels к, L1, L2 etc. The energies of
photons of the main lines reach units and scores of keV.
Figure 8.Regular rotational bands in the nucleus of 171Er. Lower rotational energy levels of nuclei are apart
from the main one by scores and hundreds of keV.
4. The states of plasma in the emitting gravitational field
For the above-indicated energies of transitions over stationary states in the own field and the energy
level widths, the sole object in which gravitational emission can be realized as a mass phenomenon will be, as
follows from the estimates given below, a dense high-temperature plasma.
Using the Born approximation for the emission cross-section, we can write down the expression for the
electromagnetic per unit of volume per unit of time as
Qe = ,1017.0
2
1373
32 2392
2
0
2
eie
e
ie Tnnz
m
Tk
nnmc
rz 


(21)
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
where Te, k, ni, ne, m, z, ro are the electron temperature, Boltzmann's constant, the concentration of the ionic
and electronic components, the electron mass, the serial number of the ionic component, the classical electron
radius, respectively.
Replacing ro by rg = 2K m/s2
(which corresponds to replacing the electric charge e by the gravitational charge
Km ), we can use for the gravitational emission the relation
Qg = 0.16Qe. (22)
From (16) it follows that in a dense high-temperature plasma with parameters ne = ni = 1023
m-3
, Te =
107
K, the specific power of the electromagnetic emission is equal to  0.53 1010
J/m3
s, and the specific power
of the gravitational emission is 0.86 109
J/m3
s. These values of the plasma parameters, apparently, can be
adopted as guide threshold values of an appreciable gravitational emission level, because the relative proportion
of the electrons whose energy on the order of the energy of transitions in the own gravitational field, diminishes
in accordance with the Maxwellian distribution exponent as Te decreases.
The presence of cascade transitions from the upper excited levels to the lower ones will lead to that the
electrons, becoming excited in the energy region above 100 keV, will be emitted, mainly, in the eV region, i.e.,
energy transfer along the spectrum to the low-frequency region will take place. Such energy transfer mechanism
can take place only in quenching spontaneous emission from the lower electron energy levels in the own
gravitational field, which rules out emission with quantum energy in the keV region. A detailed description of
the mechanism of energy transfer along the spectrum will hereafter give its precise numerical characteristics.
Nevertheless, undoubtedly, the very fact of its existence, conditioned by the banded character of the spectrum of
the gravitational bremsstrahlung, can be asserted. The low-frequency character of the gravitational
bremsstrahlung spectrum will lead to its amplification in plasma by virtue of the locking condition
eg n3
105.0 being fulfilled.
From the standpoint of practical realization of the states of a high-temperature plasma compressed by
the emitted gravitational field, two circumstances are of importance. First.Plasma must comprise two
components, with multiply charged ions added to hydrogen, these ions being necessary for quenching
spontaneous emission of electrons from the ground energy levels in the own gravitational field. For this purpose
it is necessary to have ions with the energy levels of electrons close to the energy levels of free excited
electrons. Quenching of the lower excited states of the electrons will be particularly effective in the presence of
a resonance between the energy of excited electron and the energy of electron excitation in the ion (in the limit,
most favorable case — ionization energy). An increase of z increases also the specific power of the gravitational
bremsstrahlung, so that on the condition eg n3
105.0 being fulfilled, the equality of the gas-kinetic
pressure and the radiation pressure
k(ne Te + ni Ti) = 0.16(0.17 10-39
z2
ne ni eT )t (23)
will take place at t = (10-6
—10-7
) s for the permissible parameter values of compressed plasma ne = (1 + a) ni
= (1025
— 1026
) m-3
, a > 2, Te  Te = 108
K, z >10.
Second. The necessity of plasma ejection from the region of the magnetic field with the tentative
parameters ne = (1023
— 1024
) m-3
, Te = (107
— 108
) K with subsequent energy pumping from the magnetic field
region.
5. Structure of the installation and working compounds
In the offered method of forming dense-high temperature plasma steady states for nuclear fusion a new
fundamental concept is used, namely retaining plasma by radiated gravitational field as radiation of the same
kind as electromagnetic:
Forming and accelerating binary plasma with multivalent ions by accelerating magnetic field in a pulse high-
current discharge.
Injection of binary plasma from the space of the accelerating magnetic field:
Exciting stationary states of an electron in its own gravitational field in the range of energy up to 171
keV with following radiation under the condition of quenching lower excited energy levels of ion electron shell
of a heavy component (including quenching excited state of electrons directly in nuclei of small sequential
number as carbon) when retarding plasma bunch ejected from the space of the accelerating magnetic field.
Cascade transitions from the upper levels are realized in the process of gravitational radiation energy transit to
long-wave range.
The sequence of the operations is carried out in a two-sectional chamber of MAGO installation (Fig. 9,
developed in Experimental Physics Research Institute, Sarov; the structure of the installation is most suitable for
the claimed method of forming steady states of the dense high-temperature plasma) with magnetodynamic
outflow of plasma and further conversion of the plasma bunch energy (in the process of quenching) in the
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
plasma heat energy for securing both further plasma heating and exciting gravitational radiation and its transit
into a long-wave part of the spectrum with consequent plasma compression in the condition of radiation
blocking and increasing .
Figure 9. Outline drawing of the discharge chamber (MAGO chamber) and X-ray diagnostic system
Charger-1 Pulsed Power Generator is the most acceptable option to be used in an embodiment of a
capacitor discharge device. Assembly of this device has been started in the Aerophysics Research Center (ARC)
of the University of Alabama in Huntsville on the basis of the Decade Module Two (DM2) unit. Operating this
generator as planned on deuterium-tritium mixture, in practical terms, would be a repetition of the ITER project.
At the same time, its usage in the proposed version of the plasma experiment along with MAGO facility would
reinforce the project significantly, thus allowing operating both in magnetic explosion mode and in generator
with a capacitor battery mode.
Of interest, there are two modes of the installation operations depending on the work gas composition.
1. A composition with hydrogen and (for example) xenon providing for achieving steady states of plasma with
consequent realization of thermonuclear reactions for compositions of (d+t) + multi-charge atoms type.
Fusion reaction creating helium generates neutrons
MeVnHeHH 6.171
0
4
2
3
1
2
1 
and was embodied in the well-known Teller-Ulam design with radiation implosion.
An application of the compression-by-the-radiated-gravitational-field design, unlike the Teller-Ulam design, is
not limited by the minimum discharge power attendant to the usage of a plutonium nucleus. This means both a
feasibility of this fast fusion reaction a steady mode for low-power discharges, and (under certain conditions) a
feasibility of explosive energy release without the use of fissile elements (like plutonium and uranium) for high-
power discharges.
2. A composition with hydrogen and carbon providing thermonuclear reactions of carbon cycle in plasma
steady state mode, including energy pick-up in the form of electromagnetic radiation energy
CNO cycle is a set of fusion reactions resulting in conversion of hydrogen into helium using carbon as a
catalyst.
In a compact notation, this cycle would be written as
12
C(p, )13
N(e+
)13
C(p, )14
N(p, )15
O(e+
)15
N(p, )12
C
The 15
N(p, )12
C reaction rounds the cycle out. The net result is that four protons turn into in α-particle
— 4
He nucleus with no neutrons among end products of the cycle. Producing one helium nucleus releases 25
MeV, the produced neutrinos carry away about 5% more of that energy. A peculiarity of such fusion reaction
cycle is that it occurs in natural conditions of astrophysical objects. At the same time, e. g. the design features of
MAGO facility allow achieving such a volt-ampere characteristics (VAC) mode that boosts the speed of carbon
cycle reactions. An implementation of carbon cycle in the gravitational compression design may possibly
become a basic design to form steady states of the thermonuclear plasma, bearing in mind low abundance of
hydrogen and lithium isotopes that react with no neutrons being produced either
Above, the spectrum of energies of the electron stationary states in its gravitational field in the simplest
form is shown. Accounting for all quantum states provides more detailed spectrum, especially in its upper part.
This follows directly from the approximation, in which the above spectrum was obtained. However, it follows
already from this approximation that there is possibility of resonance transitions in levels of stationary states of
the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Populations of quantum levels and, consequently, the spectrum characteristics are substantially
different in the case of plasma with different content of multiply charged ions. Physically, this is determined by
competition between the radiative transition (i.e., spontaneous emission) and nonradioactive transition in the
collision of an atom with an electron. Upon excitation of the upper energy levels of electrons in the plasma of
multiple-charge ions (when braking on ion nuclei), cascade transitions to lower energy levels will lead to a
transfer of gravitational radiation at longer wavelengths followed by blocking and amplification of radiation. In
the case when the concentration of multiple-charge ions is negligible, and their range of energy states does not
correspond to the possibility of quenching of the lower excited state of electrons, micropinche will take place
with its subsequent rapid decay.
II. Conclusion
1. If the numerical values of K  5.11031
Nm2
kg-2
and  =4.41029
m-2
, there is a spectrum of stationary
states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV). The main state is the
observed electron rest energy 0.511 MeV. This numerical value of  has important physical meaning: an
introduction to the Lagrangian density permanent member, not dependent on the state of the field. This
implies the existence of unremovable space-time curvature, not affiliated with any matter, nor with the
gravitational field.
2. These steady states are the sources of the gravitational field with constant G.
3. Transitions between the stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field leads to gravitational
radiation, which is characterized by a constant K, that gravitational radiation is the emission of the same
level as electromagnetic (electric charge e, gravitational charge ) Km . The presence of stationary states
in the own gravitational field allows the correct calculation of gravitational radiation in the strict quantum
approach based on the spectrum of transitions to stationary states already with constant K.
4. Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the
registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional
mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the
contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the
electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance
of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of
electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions
5. In the offered method of forming dense-high temperature plasma steady states for nuclear fusion a new
fundamental concept is used, namely retaining plasma by radiated gravitational field as radiation of the
same kind as electromagnetic:
Forming and accelerating binary plasma with multivalent ions by accelerating magnetic field in a pulse high-
current discharge.
Injection of binary plasma from the space of the accelerating magnetic field
The sequence of the operations is carried out in a two-sectional chamber of MAGO installation with
magnetodynamic outflow of plasma and further conversion of the plasma bunch energy (in the process of
quenching) in the plasma heat energy for securing both further plasma heating and exciting gravitational
radiation and its transit into a long-wave part of the spectrum with consequent plasma compression in the
condition of radiation blocking and increasing.
References
[1]. Hilbert, D. Grundlagen der Physik 1 Mitt, math.-nat.kl., 395, Gott. Nachr. (1915).
[2]. Siravam, C. & Sinha, K. Phys. Rep. 51, 112 (1979).
[3]. Friedmann, A. Zs. Phys. 10, 377 (1922).
[4]. Landau, L.D. & Lifshitz, E.M. Field Theory (Moscow, Publishing House «Nauka», 1976).
[5]. Warshalovich, D. A. et al. Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum 282-285 (Leningrad, Publishing House «Nauka», 1975).
[6]. Fisenko, S. I. & Fisenko, I. S. The old and new concepts of physics V6, Number 4, 495-521 (2009).
[7]. Pauli, W. Theory of Relativity (Pergamon Press, 1958).
[8]. Fisenko, S. et al. Phys. Lett. A 148, 8, 9 405 (1990).
[9]. Burenkov, O. M. et al. New Configuration of Experiments for MAGO Program. XIV International Conference on Megagauss
Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics (Maui, Havaii, USA), 95-99 (October 14-19, 2012).
[10]. Haines, M. G. et al. Viscous Heating at stagnation in Z-Pinches. PRL 96, 075003-075008 (2006).
[11]. Politov, V.Yu., Potapov, A.V. & Antonova, L.V. Proceeding of International Conference “V Zababakhin Scientific Proceedings”
(1998).
[12]. Fisenko, S. I. & Fisenko, I. S. The discrete energy spectrum of the gravitational radiation in the relativistic theory of gravitation.
International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics (IJTAP) Vol. 2 (2), 32-39 (December, 2012).
[13]. Fisenko, S.I. & Fisenko, I.S. Journal of Modern Physics Vol. 4, Number 4, 481-485 (April, 2013).
[14]. Fissenko, S. & Fissenko,I. Method of Forming Stable States of Dense High-Temperfature Plasma. PCT Gazette (IPN
WO2005/109970 A1), № 46553 (2005).
[15]. Bulbul, E. et al. Detection of An Unidentified Emission Line in the Stacked X-ray spectrum of Galaxy Clusters. ArXiv
http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.2301 (2014).
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
[16]. Boyarsky, A., Ruchayskiy, O., Iakubovskyi, D. & Franse, J. An unidentified line in X-ray spectra of the Andromeda galaxy and
Perseus galaxy cluster. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4119 (2014).
[17]. Fisenko, S.I. & Fisenko, I.S. Thermonuclear plasma steady states generation. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics Volume
2, Number 5 (April, 2014).
[18]. Fisenko, S.I. & Fisenko, I.S. Is Gravitational Radiation a Radiation of the same level as Electromagnetic Radiation? Journal of
Modern Physics Vol. 5, Number 15 1397-1401 (September, 2014).
[19]. Fisenko, S.I.& Fisenko, I.S. Gravitational radiation as radiation same level of electromagnetic and its generation in pulsed high-
current discharge. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 574 012157; doi:10.1088/1742-6596/574/1/012157 (2015)
[20]. Antognini, A. et al. ArXiv http://de.arxiv.org/abs/1509.03235.
[21]. Fisenko, Stanislav, The problem on stationary states in self gravitational field. Journal of Modern Physics Vol. 7, Number 10
1045-1048 (May, 2016).

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To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

  • 1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 09-19 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Fisenko S. I Rusthermosynthesis JSC, Moscow, Russia, Stanislav Abstract: The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042 G (G is the Newtonian gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K  5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and  =4.41029 m-2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published papers cited in the references. I. Introduction Generally covariant relativistic form of the equations of Einstein's theory of gravitation, as we know, has the following form: ikikikik TgRgR  2 1 (1) In these equations  is a constant that relates to the geometrical properties of space-time distribution of physical matter, so that the origin of the equations is not associated with the numerical restriction of the values. Only the requirements of compliance with the Newton's law of universal gravitation leads to numerical values 4 /8,0 cG  , where G is the Newton's gravitational constant. Equation with certain constants determined in such a way and so are the equations of the Einstein’s general relativity theory. The equations (1) are a common mathematical form of the gravitational field equations corresponding to the principle of equivalence and the postulate of general covariance. The equations of the form (1) are obtained simultaneously by Einstein and independently by Gilbert [1]. At the same time, we refer to A. Salam [2], as he is the one of the first who drew attention to the discrepancy between the quantum level of the numerical value of the Newtonian gravitational constant. It is he who proposed the concept of "strong" gravity, which was based on the assumption of the existence of f-mesons of spin-2 generating SU (3) multiplet (described by Pauli-Fierz equation). It was shown that the possibility of another link constant along with the Newtonian is not inconsistent with the observed effects [2]. This approach was not further developed due to a number of reasons. It is clear now that the numerical value of the "strong" gravity constant should be used in equations (1) with 0 . By the way, when 0 there are stationary solutions of general Einstein's equations as it was stated by Einstein himself, but after the discovery by A. Friedman [3] non-stationary solutions when 0 , finally the general theory of relativity was formed as it is now known. The decisive argument in general relativity for equating  - member to zero is the need to correct limiting transition to Newton's theory of gravitation. Starting from the 70s it became evident [2] that in the quantum domain numerical value of G is not compatible with the principles of quantum mechanics. A number of studies [2] have shown that in the quantum domain acceptable is constant K,wherein K G1040 . This marked the problem of generalization of the relativistic equations for the quantum level: this generalization should join the numerical values of the constants in quantum and classical fields. 2.Gravitational radiation of the electrons with line spectrum as being of one level of the electromagnetic radiation. In the development of these results as an approximation to the micro level of the field equations of Einstein, a model based on the following assumptions is proposed:
  • 2. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page The gravitational field in the region of localization of elementary particles with mass m0 is characterized by the values of the gravitational constant K and constant Λ, which lead to the stationary states of a particle in its own gravitational field, and stationary states of the particles themselves are the source of the gravitational field with the Newtonian gravitational constant G. The complexity of solving this problem forced to turn to the simplest approximation, namely the calculation of the energy spectrum only in the approximation of the fine structure due to relativism. In this approximation, the problem for the stationary states of an elementary source in its own gravitational field is reduced to the solution of the following equations:   0 12 2 2 2 0 2                  f r ll KeKef r f n  (2)                            ef r ll KKefl rrr e n 2 2 2 0 22 22 1 12 11 (3)                         2 2 22 0 2 22 1 12 11 fe r ll eKKfl rrr e n    (4)       01 11 42 1 2 2                  nrr e rr   (5)   01  f (6)   0nrf (7)  )( 1 R (8) 122 1   drrf nr (9) Equations (2)—(4) follow from equations (10)—(11) 02 0           K x g xx g             (10)    gTRgR  2 1 (11) After the substitution of  in the form of              iEt Yrf lmEl exp, into them and specific computations in the central-symmetry field metric with the interval defined by the expression [6]   22222222 sin dreddrdtecdS    (12) Above indicated: fEl is radial wave function describing the state with a definite energy E and the orbital angular momentum l (hereinafter indexes El are omitted), Ylm ( , )  are spherical functions, K E cn n  , K cm0 0  ,    ( )( )4 0 m ,   8 4 K c . Right-hand sides of equations (3)-(4) are calculated from the general expression for the energy-momentum tensor of a complex scalar field:      gKT   2 0 , ,,,,, (13) The respective components T are obtained summing by index m using specific identities for the spherical functions [5] after the substitution in (13)           f r Y iEt lm  , exp  .
  • 3. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page In the simplest (in terms of initial mathematical evaluations) approximation, the problem for stationary states in its gravitational field (with the constants K and  ) was solved in [6]. From the solution of this problem should be: a) If the numerical values of K  5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and  =4.41029 m-2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV). The main state is the observed electron rest energy 0.511 MeV. This numerical value of  has important physical meaning: an introduction to the Lagrangian density permanent member, not dependent on the state of the field. This implies the existence of unremovable space-time curvature, not affiliated with any matter, nor with the gravitational field. b) These steady states are the sources of the gravitational field with constant G. c) Transitions between the stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field leads to gravitational radiation, which is characterized by a constant K, that gravitational radiation is the emission of the same level as electromagnetic (electric charge e, gravitational charge ) Km . In this regard, it makes no sense to say that the gravitational effects in the quantum region are characterized by the constant G. This constant applies only to the macroscopic field and it can not be transferred to the quantum level (which, by the way, we remind, show negative results for the detection of gravitational waves with the constant G, and they can not be). It is considered that according to General Relativity (GR), gravitational radiation can generate only system with variable quadrupole or higher multipole moments. Under this assumption, the corresponding power of gravitational radiation is determined by the relationship: 3 3 3 3 5 5 1 dt Qd dt Qd c G L ij ij  , where Qij is a quadrupole moment tensor of the mass distribution of the radiating system, and the constant in this relationship defines the order of magnitude of the radiation power. Wrongfulness of this formula, as follows from the above, is not to use the quadrupole approximation, but in the scheme calculation. The presence of stationary states in the own gravitational field allows the correct calculation of gravitational radiation in the strict quantum approach based on the spectrum of transitions to stationary states already with constant K. It is permissible to use not only quadrupole, but also dipole quantum approach, which is quite obvious. Gravitational waves with the constant G do not exist. That is evidenced by the negative results of the detection of gravitational waves, based on the assumption of a completely illegitimate assumption of gravitational wave generation by any mass distribution with variable multipole (starting with quadrupole) moments. The presence of the stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field is in full compliance with the special theory of relativity. According to STR, relativistic relation between energy and momentum is broken, if we assume that the total energy of the electron is determined only by the Lorentz electromagnetic energy [7]. In more detail the situation is as follows [7]. The energy and momentum of a moving electron (assuming that the distribution of electric charge is spherically symmetric) is determined by: 2 2 0 1 3 4   cE VP (14) 2 22 0 1 ) 3 1 1(    cVE E (15) If this equations determined both the total momentum and total energy, there would have been the equation:  dt dt Pd VE )( (16) However this relation does not exist because the integral in the right part is equal to: const E   2 0 1 3 4  (17)
  • 4. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page If to assume that the momentum contrary to the energy has purely electromagnetic character, the total energy of the moving electron and the total energy of resting electron as well as for the rest mass, we would have the relations: 2 ' 0' 1   E E , 0 ' 0 3 4 EE  , 2 0 2 ' 0 0 3 4 c E c E m  , (18) where the rest mass is determined by the equation: 2 0 1   Vm P (19) Then (18) implies that the total energy of an electron at rest is 4/3 of its Lorentz electromagnetic energy. That corresponds to the numerical data on the spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field. In the Standard Model the relativistic relation between the energy and momentum of the electron is broken, as it is assumed that the total energy of the electron is determined only by the Lorentz electromagnetic energy. This follows from the fact that the gravitational interaction at the quantum level in the Standard Model is not considered. It should immediately be noted that the numerical evaluation of the spectrum is approximate. The greatest uncertainty is the estimation of the numerical value of the first steady state, as more and more accurate as you approach keVE 171 . With the help of the Kerr-Newman metric evaluation of the numerical values of K [8] can be obtained by the formula: ; )//)(//( 42222 2 crercmmcLLmcr r K   (20) where r, m, e, L, c are the classical electron radius, mass, charge, orbital angular momentum, the speed of light, correspondingly. The numerical value of the orbital angular momentum was taken equal to the spin of the electron.Thus, we can assume that the physical nature of spin is possible that this value is the orbital angular momentum of the particles in their own gravitational field. This gives ground to consider that the use of Klein- Gordon equation is not so easy. The distance at which the gravitational field with the constant К is localized is less than the Compton wavelength, and for the electron, for example, this value is of the order of its classical radius. At distances larger than this one, the gravitational field is characterized by the constant G, i.e., correct transition to Classical GR holds. Figure 1.Electron in proper gravitational field in the ground stationary state. ri – radius of irremovable curvature, r0 – ―classical‖ electron radius being a radius of the ground stationary state of electron in proper gravitational field There is a problem with the measurement of the proton’s size.There are several approaches. One is relating to the elastic scattering of electrons on protons. The second uses a high-precision laser spectroscopy. The matter is that levels in the atom depend on the final size of nucleus. If we work with hydrogen, then the
  • 5. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page nucleus is the proton. Thus, different methods produce results, inconsistent on 7 sigma. These results are stated in [20]. And there is no explanation generally accepted. At the same time, on a qualitative level, the existence of stationary states of a proton in its own gravitational field would explain these results. In the process of measuring the transitions on these stationary states occur (including the possible resonance of the said spectra of electron and proton), corresponding to the different states of a proton, which leads to different results. That is, it is not the measurement accuracy and in that the different states of the proton are measured depending on the measurement method. It is very important (along with the broadening of the emission spectra of high temperature plasma of multiply charged ions) result for the quantitative registration of the particles spectra in its own gravitational field. 3. The spectra of the characteristic radiation of stars and laboratory plasmas Figure 2 shows the characteristic parts of the spectrum of soft x-rays micropinches. Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field Figure2. Experimental (a) and calculated (b) parts of the micropinch spectrum normalized to the intensity of the line Lyβ, in the ionization threshold of the main state of He-like ions. The solid line in the embodiment b) corresponds to a density of 0.1 g/cm3 , and the dotted line to 0.01 g/cm3 ; it was assumed that Te = 0.35 keV [11]. Figure 3. Measured Fe He-δ line at 8.488 keV (broken curve) compared to calculation (smooth curve),[10]. Two groups of researchers independently of each other [15, 16] reported that in the X-ray spectra of clusters of galaxies they discovered a new line of radiation with energy of 3.57 keV. This emission should come from the hot intergalactic gas that fills the cluster of galaxies, but, unlike other identified lines, this emission line cannot be attributed to any atomic transition. The results of these measurements are shown in Figures 4 and 5. At the same time, the resonance of the spectra of stationary states of electrons in their own gravitational field, and the spectra of multicharge ions can produce not only the registered emission line, but other lines of similar properties[18,19]. It can be expected that in the case of detailed registration of the emission spectra of astrophysical objects, the presence of such lines in the energy range of more than 8 keV can be found.
  • 6. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page Fig. 4. Above: MOS camera spectrum in the range of 3 to 4 keV of the XMM-Newton observatory. Individual bars are the results of observations with inaccuracy, the red curve is the best reproduction of the spectrum, taking into account only the known ion emission lines, the blue curve is the result of an additive of another previously unknown emission line. Below: the deviation of the observations from the red and blue curves. [15] Fig. 5.The X-ray spectrum of the central part of the Andromeda nebula according to the results of MOS-camera monitoring of the XMM-Newton observatory.Left: the entire range from 1 to 8 keV, at the right region of 3 to 4 keV. Designations are the same as in Fig. 9. [16] The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field (Figure 6) and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms (Figure 7,8) are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. Figure 6.Transitions to stationary states of electrons in proper gravitational field
  • 7. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page Figure7. Scheme of K-, L- and M-levels of energy of the atom, and the main lines of K- and L- series; n, l, j are the principal, the orbital and the inner quantum numbers of energy levels к, L1, L2 etc. The energies of photons of the main lines reach units and scores of keV. Figure 8.Regular rotational bands in the nucleus of 171Er. Lower rotational energy levels of nuclei are apart from the main one by scores and hundreds of keV. 4. The states of plasma in the emitting gravitational field For the above-indicated energies of transitions over stationary states in the own field and the energy level widths, the sole object in which gravitational emission can be realized as a mass phenomenon will be, as follows from the estimates given below, a dense high-temperature plasma. Using the Born approximation for the emission cross-section, we can write down the expression for the electromagnetic per unit of volume per unit of time as Qe = ,1017.0 2 1373 32 2392 2 0 2 eie e ie Tnnz m Tk nnmc rz    (21)
  • 8. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page where Te, k, ni, ne, m, z, ro are the electron temperature, Boltzmann's constant, the concentration of the ionic and electronic components, the electron mass, the serial number of the ionic component, the classical electron radius, respectively. Replacing ro by rg = 2K m/s2 (which corresponds to replacing the electric charge e by the gravitational charge Km ), we can use for the gravitational emission the relation Qg = 0.16Qe. (22) From (16) it follows that in a dense high-temperature plasma with parameters ne = ni = 1023 m-3 , Te = 107 K, the specific power of the electromagnetic emission is equal to  0.53 1010 J/m3 s, and the specific power of the gravitational emission is 0.86 109 J/m3 s. These values of the plasma parameters, apparently, can be adopted as guide threshold values of an appreciable gravitational emission level, because the relative proportion of the electrons whose energy on the order of the energy of transitions in the own gravitational field, diminishes in accordance with the Maxwellian distribution exponent as Te decreases. The presence of cascade transitions from the upper excited levels to the lower ones will lead to that the electrons, becoming excited in the energy region above 100 keV, will be emitted, mainly, in the eV region, i.e., energy transfer along the spectrum to the low-frequency region will take place. Such energy transfer mechanism can take place only in quenching spontaneous emission from the lower electron energy levels in the own gravitational field, which rules out emission with quantum energy in the keV region. A detailed description of the mechanism of energy transfer along the spectrum will hereafter give its precise numerical characteristics. Nevertheless, undoubtedly, the very fact of its existence, conditioned by the banded character of the spectrum of the gravitational bremsstrahlung, can be asserted. The low-frequency character of the gravitational bremsstrahlung spectrum will lead to its amplification in plasma by virtue of the locking condition eg n3 105.0 being fulfilled. From the standpoint of practical realization of the states of a high-temperature plasma compressed by the emitted gravitational field, two circumstances are of importance. First.Plasma must comprise two components, with multiply charged ions added to hydrogen, these ions being necessary for quenching spontaneous emission of electrons from the ground energy levels in the own gravitational field. For this purpose it is necessary to have ions with the energy levels of electrons close to the energy levels of free excited electrons. Quenching of the lower excited states of the electrons will be particularly effective in the presence of a resonance between the energy of excited electron and the energy of electron excitation in the ion (in the limit, most favorable case — ionization energy). An increase of z increases also the specific power of the gravitational bremsstrahlung, so that on the condition eg n3 105.0 being fulfilled, the equality of the gas-kinetic pressure and the radiation pressure k(ne Te + ni Ti) = 0.16(0.17 10-39 z2 ne ni eT )t (23) will take place at t = (10-6 —10-7 ) s for the permissible parameter values of compressed plasma ne = (1 + a) ni = (1025 — 1026 ) m-3 , a > 2, Te  Te = 108 K, z >10. Second. The necessity of plasma ejection from the region of the magnetic field with the tentative parameters ne = (1023 — 1024 ) m-3 , Te = (107 — 108 ) K with subsequent energy pumping from the magnetic field region. 5. Structure of the installation and working compounds In the offered method of forming dense-high temperature plasma steady states for nuclear fusion a new fundamental concept is used, namely retaining plasma by radiated gravitational field as radiation of the same kind as electromagnetic: Forming and accelerating binary plasma with multivalent ions by accelerating magnetic field in a pulse high- current discharge. Injection of binary plasma from the space of the accelerating magnetic field: Exciting stationary states of an electron in its own gravitational field in the range of energy up to 171 keV with following radiation under the condition of quenching lower excited energy levels of ion electron shell of a heavy component (including quenching excited state of electrons directly in nuclei of small sequential number as carbon) when retarding plasma bunch ejected from the space of the accelerating magnetic field. Cascade transitions from the upper levels are realized in the process of gravitational radiation energy transit to long-wave range. The sequence of the operations is carried out in a two-sectional chamber of MAGO installation (Fig. 9, developed in Experimental Physics Research Institute, Sarov; the structure of the installation is most suitable for the claimed method of forming steady states of the dense high-temperature plasma) with magnetodynamic outflow of plasma and further conversion of the plasma bunch energy (in the process of quenching) in the
  • 9. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page plasma heat energy for securing both further plasma heating and exciting gravitational radiation and its transit into a long-wave part of the spectrum with consequent plasma compression in the condition of radiation blocking and increasing . Figure 9. Outline drawing of the discharge chamber (MAGO chamber) and X-ray diagnostic system Charger-1 Pulsed Power Generator is the most acceptable option to be used in an embodiment of a capacitor discharge device. Assembly of this device has been started in the Aerophysics Research Center (ARC) of the University of Alabama in Huntsville on the basis of the Decade Module Two (DM2) unit. Operating this generator as planned on deuterium-tritium mixture, in practical terms, would be a repetition of the ITER project. At the same time, its usage in the proposed version of the plasma experiment along with MAGO facility would reinforce the project significantly, thus allowing operating both in magnetic explosion mode and in generator with a capacitor battery mode. Of interest, there are two modes of the installation operations depending on the work gas composition. 1. A composition with hydrogen and (for example) xenon providing for achieving steady states of plasma with consequent realization of thermonuclear reactions for compositions of (d+t) + multi-charge atoms type. Fusion reaction creating helium generates neutrons MeVnHeHH 6.171 0 4 2 3 1 2 1  and was embodied in the well-known Teller-Ulam design with radiation implosion. An application of the compression-by-the-radiated-gravitational-field design, unlike the Teller-Ulam design, is not limited by the minimum discharge power attendant to the usage of a plutonium nucleus. This means both a feasibility of this fast fusion reaction a steady mode for low-power discharges, and (under certain conditions) a feasibility of explosive energy release without the use of fissile elements (like plutonium and uranium) for high- power discharges. 2. A composition with hydrogen and carbon providing thermonuclear reactions of carbon cycle in plasma steady state mode, including energy pick-up in the form of electromagnetic radiation energy CNO cycle is a set of fusion reactions resulting in conversion of hydrogen into helium using carbon as a catalyst. In a compact notation, this cycle would be written as 12 C(p, )13 N(e+ )13 C(p, )14 N(p, )15 O(e+ )15 N(p, )12 C The 15 N(p, )12 C reaction rounds the cycle out. The net result is that four protons turn into in α-particle — 4 He nucleus with no neutrons among end products of the cycle. Producing one helium nucleus releases 25 MeV, the produced neutrinos carry away about 5% more of that energy. A peculiarity of such fusion reaction cycle is that it occurs in natural conditions of astrophysical objects. At the same time, e. g. the design features of MAGO facility allow achieving such a volt-ampere characteristics (VAC) mode that boosts the speed of carbon cycle reactions. An implementation of carbon cycle in the gravitational compression design may possibly become a basic design to form steady states of the thermonuclear plasma, bearing in mind low abundance of hydrogen and lithium isotopes that react with no neutrons being produced either Above, the spectrum of energies of the electron stationary states in its gravitational field in the simplest form is shown. Accounting for all quantum states provides more detailed spectrum, especially in its upper part. This follows directly from the approximation, in which the above spectrum was obtained. However, it follows already from this approximation that there is possibility of resonance transitions in levels of stationary states of the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions.
  • 10. To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901030919 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page Populations of quantum levels and, consequently, the spectrum characteristics are substantially different in the case of plasma with different content of multiply charged ions. Physically, this is determined by competition between the radiative transition (i.e., spontaneous emission) and nonradioactive transition in the collision of an atom with an electron. Upon excitation of the upper energy levels of electrons in the plasma of multiple-charge ions (when braking on ion nuclei), cascade transitions to lower energy levels will lead to a transfer of gravitational radiation at longer wavelengths followed by blocking and amplification of radiation. In the case when the concentration of multiple-charge ions is negligible, and their range of energy states does not correspond to the possibility of quenching of the lower excited state of electrons, micropinche will take place with its subsequent rapid decay. II. Conclusion 1. If the numerical values of K  5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and  =4.41029 m-2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV). The main state is the observed electron rest energy 0.511 MeV. This numerical value of  has important physical meaning: an introduction to the Lagrangian density permanent member, not dependent on the state of the field. This implies the existence of unremovable space-time curvature, not affiliated with any matter, nor with the gravitational field. 2. These steady states are the sources of the gravitational field with constant G. 3. Transitions between the stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field leads to gravitational radiation, which is characterized by a constant K, that gravitational radiation is the emission of the same level as electromagnetic (electric charge e, gravitational charge ) Km . The presence of stationary states in the own gravitational field allows the correct calculation of gravitational radiation in the strict quantum approach based on the spectrum of transitions to stationary states already with constant K. 4. Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions 5. In the offered method of forming dense-high temperature plasma steady states for nuclear fusion a new fundamental concept is used, namely retaining plasma by radiated gravitational field as radiation of the same kind as electromagnetic: Forming and accelerating binary plasma with multivalent ions by accelerating magnetic field in a pulse high- current discharge. Injection of binary plasma from the space of the accelerating magnetic field The sequence of the operations is carried out in a two-sectional chamber of MAGO installation with magnetodynamic outflow of plasma and further conversion of the plasma bunch energy (in the process of quenching) in the plasma heat energy for securing both further plasma heating and exciting gravitational radiation and its transit into a long-wave part of the spectrum with consequent plasma compression in the condition of radiation blocking and increasing. References [1]. Hilbert, D. Grundlagen der Physik 1 Mitt, math.-nat.kl., 395, Gott. Nachr. (1915). [2]. Siravam, C. & Sinha, K. Phys. Rep. 51, 112 (1979). [3]. Friedmann, A. Zs. Phys. 10, 377 (1922). [4]. Landau, L.D. & Lifshitz, E.M. Field Theory (Moscow, Publishing House «Nauka», 1976). [5]. Warshalovich, D. A. et al. Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum 282-285 (Leningrad, Publishing House «Nauka», 1975). [6]. Fisenko, S. I. & Fisenko, I. S. 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