!SlipTripFall 032006 COM.ppt

1
SLIP/TRIP/FALL PREVENTION
Presented by:
Bill Luther, Loss Prevention Consultant

Do You
-REALLY-
Understand
Fall Prevention ?

3
Which way do you go to address it?

4
Do you mean what you say and say
what you mean ?

5
Are you getting mixed signals or
giving mixed signals?

7
Are you taking the rules to
heart?

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Two One-Ways Equals One Two-Way,
Right?

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For the Directionally
Challenged

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When does School Start ?
Do we need training?

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Are you enforcing the
rules/regulations?

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With all the information
out there….
Why do we still have Slip-
Trip-Fall accidents ?

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Agenda
 1:00 – 1:10 Introduction & Objectives
 1:10 – 2:00 Definitions, statistics, standards
 2:00 – 2:10 Break
 2:10 – 3:10 Categories & Factors of Falls
 3:10 – 3:20 Break
 3:20 – 4:30 Prevention of Falls
 4:30 – 4:45 Q & A

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Objectives of this course
 This course will focus on general
industry slips/trips/falls.
 The Construction industry has its own
unique fall concerns and standards
 1926.500 - .503
 1926.1050 - .1060 ladders & stairs
 1926.451 scaffolds

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 Factors that contribute to why we fall
 Physiological factors
 Social/emotional factors
 Environmental factors

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 Types of falls
 Same level
 Fall from heights (non-construction
related and focuses on portable
ladders)
 Stairs and steps

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 What can be done to help prevent falls
 Floor maintenance procedures
 Housekeeping
 Proper footwear
 Hazard identification
 Awareness training

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Definitions
 Friction: resistance to lateral
movement caused by contact
between two surfaces
 Coefficient of friction: the division
of horizontal force by vertical force

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Definitions
 Coefficient of friction (COF): Common
performance measurement. Static
measure of 0.5 has become working
definition under many state laws and
codes. Certain circumstances such as
ramps and wet flooring requires a
higher COF.

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Definitions
 Slip resistant: A floor finish that meets a
static coefficient of friction value of 0.50 or
greater as measured by the D-2047 standard
(James Machine)
 ANSI: American National Standard Institute
 ASTM: American Society for Testing and
Materials

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Slip/Trip/Fall Impact
 Almost 20,000 workplace related falls
reported in Texas in 1998
1 Texas
Workers’
Compensation
Commission
Characteristic All
Events
Falls % of events
assoc. with Falls
Total injuries 105,084 19,742 18.8
GENDER
Male 72,208 11,835 16.4
Female 32,460 7,828 24.1

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1 Texas
Workers’
Compensation
Commission
Characteristic All
Events
Falls % of events assoc.
with Falls
AGE
16 – 19 4,018 602 15.0
20 – 24 12,482 2,010 16.1
25 – 34 29,926 5,392 18.0
35 – 44 31,192 5,628 18.0
45 – 54 19,663 3,552 18.1
55 – 64 6,732 2,154 31.3
65 and over 1,005 403 40.1

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1 Texas
Workers’
Compensation
Commission
Characteristic All
Events
with Falls
Industry
Construction 7,397 1,562 21.1
Retail Trade 20,310 4,568 22.5
Finance,
Insurance, Real
Estate
2,735 943 34.5
Manufacturing 22,978 3,184 13.9

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1 Texas
Workers’
Compensation
Commission
Characteristic All
Events
with Falls
Length of
Service
< 3 months 15,146 2,937 19.4
3 – 11 months 23,135 4,680 20.2
1 – 5 years 33,395 6,199 18.6
> 5 years 22,964 4,143 18.0

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Key Standards for Working and
Walking Surfaces
 Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) 1910.22 –
1910.30 for General Industry
 American National Standard (ANSI)
A1264-2-2001 joint issue with
American Society of Safety
Engineers (ASSE)

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Key Standards for Working and
Walking Surfaces
 ASTM Evaluation of Test Data
obtained for Measurement of Slip
Resistance of Footwear sole F695
Standard Practice for, heel or
related materials

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OSHA 1910.22 General
Requirements
 General requirements are broad
 Housekeeping - (neat, sanitary
and if possible, dry
 Aisles – clear passage and
appropriately marked
 Covers/guardrails – protect from
open pits, tanks, etc.

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OSHA 1910.23 Floor and Wall
Openings
 Floor and wall openings
 Floor openings - must have
rails or cover plate
 Wall openings – must be
guarded if there is a drop of
more than 4 feet

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1910.23 (Floor/Wall Openings)
 Stairway railings/guards – handrails
for 4 or more risers
 Stair width and presence/absence
of walls notes where rails are to
be placed
 Steps should be designed as or
treated with slip resistant surface

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1910.24 Fixed Industrial Stairs
 Applies to stairs around machinery,
tanks, etc., and stairs leading
to/from floors, platforms and pits
 Different width requirements
than fire exits (min only 22”)
 More defined tread requirements

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1910.25 Portable Wood Ladders
 Must be in good condition and made of
high density wood
 Three types:
 I-industrial, 3-20’ heavy use
 II-commercial, 3-12’ medium use
 III-household, 3-6’ light use
 Special purpose ladders-painter’s
stepladder and mason’s ladder

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1910.26 Portable Metal Ladders
 Rungs must be made slip resistant
(corrugated, knurled, dimpled or coated
with skid-resistant material)
 Provision for immediate inspection if
ladder tips over
 Proper use provision- every 4’ height,
place ladder 1’ away from wall base

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ANSI/ASSE A1264.2-2001
 Standard for the Provision of Slip
Resistance on Walking/ Working
Surfaces
 Focuses on slip resistance of flooring
surfaces
 Recognizes slip resistance testing
methods
 guideline of 0.5 coefficient of
friction for dry conditions

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Types of falls
 Same level
 Smooth, finished surfaces – tile,
marble, linoleum, etc
 Uneven surfaces – typically
outdoor environments, sidewalks
& parking lots

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Types of falls
 Fall from heights
 Ladders-portables
 Step stools
 Platforms

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Apparently, the Brain Matter
SLIPPED AND FELL
out of his head!

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Types of falls
 Stairways
 Wall and floor openings

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Contributing factors to why we
fall
 Physics
 Gravity works
 It pulls us down towards the earth
and makes any slip/trip/fall worse
 Momentum
 Speed and size –the bigger the
object and the faster it is moving,
the greater the chance of losing
balance

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fall
 Physics
 Slips because of too little friction
 Trips because of interference with
balance
 Falls by moving too far off our
center of gravity

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fall
 Physiological factors
 Gender
 Females have a greater risk of a
serious fall
 Age
 55 and older group are more likely
to experience a disabling fall

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fall- physiological-cont.
 Health
 Illnesses
 Inner ear infections
 flu
 Medication
 Poor vision
 Muscles-sense our body’s
position

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fall-cont.
 Social/emotional factors
 Concentration
 Preoccupied
 In a hurry
 Complacency

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fall-cont.
 Type of footwear by user
 Shoe sole material
 Leather
 Can be slippery when new on
hard dry surface, but due to
water absorption, can be less
slippery on wet surfaces when
broken in.

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fall-cont.
 Shoe sole material
 Rubber-soft and adheres to floor,
but temperature sensitive.
 Synthetic-PVC can wear longer, but
may not conform to floor texture

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fall-cont.
 Heels- what more should I say about
high heels and hard floors?
 Shoe sole tread- pattern should
reflect environment
 Indoor flooring-look for patterned,
channeled tread to help move
liquids to the outside of shoe when
stepping.-keeps surface traction &
flat arch.

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fall-cont.
 Shoe sole tread-
 Indoor flooring- avoid circular, or
irregular patterned, deep grooved
tread. These tend to allow liquid to
be trapped under sole. Textured
surface reduces contact area. Long
unbroken cleats can act like skids

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fall-cont.
 Shoe sole tread-
 Outdoor work- look for deep
well spaced groves. These are
better for uneven walking
surfaces

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fall-cont.
 Environmental factors
 Physical characteristics of the
surface
 Type of flooring
 Hard- concrete, tile
 Resilient-VCT
 Other-wood, carpet

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fall-Environmental factors-cont.
 Floor maintenance
 Cleaning for hard or resilient floor
 Detergents with fragrance-can
leave slippery residue
 Cleaner not diluted enough or
too much
 Wrong cleaner type for floor

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 Not following manufacturer’s
directions, such as sweeping first
or rinsing, if specified
 Not cleaning floor as needed or
regular basis

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 Not repairing damaged flooring
 Buffing/burnishing-a high quality,
traction-enhanced polish applied
correctly can improve traction

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 Poor housekeeping
 Materials being improperly stored in
hallway or aisle
 Items being left accidentally or
purposely in walk area
 Water, grease or other slip hazards
on hard or resilient surfaces

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 Poor lighting
 Should have at least 20
footcandles in walkways
 Eliminate glare sources
 Replace burned out or
flickering light bulbs

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Contributing factors-same
level
 Carpet
 Has good traction, even with wet
conditions (nursing homes &
hospitals)
 Carpet needs to be kept in good
condition- regular inspection and
repair/replace as needed when
damage is noted

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level
 Carpet
 Small rip can catch a heel
causing a trip and fall
 Bumps can catch the toe of the
shoe causing a trip and fall

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level
 Wood flooring
 Generally not found in most
office complexes due to high
initial cost and maintenance
 Typical retail wood cleaners may
leave a slick finish even when dry

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level
 Parking lots
 Pot holes
 Loose rocks and pebbles
 Speed bumps
 Cracks in pavements
 Ramps
 Parking space dividers

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level
 Parking lots
 Should we be concerned about
parking lots from a workers’
comp standpoint?
 Yes!

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level
 Sidewalks
 Uneven patterns
 Cracks
 Debris

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 Weather related hazards
 Ice
 Snow
 Rain
 Mud
 These factors can impact your
outdoor travel and can be brought
into the building

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Prevention of Slip/Trips/Falls-
same level
 Mats
 Housekeeping
 Employee Awareness
 Appropriate Footwear
 Proper Floor Maintenance &
Inspection

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same level
 Mats
 Place mats and/or runners at
building entrances, adjacent
water fountains, sinks, and any
other place where spills may
occur and is part of the
workplace

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same level
 Mats
 Should be secured against movement
 Taped edges can be considered if
properly maintained
 Should have a beveled, flat edge
 Rotate periodically for even wear
 Permanent, recessed mats are
preferred

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Housekeeping
 Assigned responsibilities
 Employee training in proper
procedures for routine cleaning
 What products to use for each type
of floor surface
 What the manufacturer’s
specifications for use may be
 How often to clean on routine basis

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Housekeeping
 Procedures in place for spills
 Warning signs –yellow caution
cones or barricade tape (29
CFR 1910.144)
 Inspection to make sure clean
up is complete

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Housekeeping
 Storage Procedures
 Aisles should be kept clear
 Materials should be placed in
proper space
 Housekeeping is an ongoing
process, not hit and miss

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Housekeeping
 Other benefits of good housekeeping
 Ease in flow of materials
 Decreased fire hazards
 Better control of tools and
materials
 More efficient equipment clean up
and maintenance

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Employee Awareness
 Employees need training on recognizing
potential slip/trip/fall (and other safety)
hazards in their workplace and what
policies and procedures are to be
followed. NEO is the best time to
address this. Empower employees to
assume responsibility for safety and to
communicate.

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Appropriate footwear
 Management should clearly define
what footwear is appropriate for
the workplace.
 Inappropriate footwear may
contribute up to a fourth of the
reported same level slip/fall
incidents

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 Remember this rule of thumb:
 soft rubber soles for dry surfaces, not
wet or greasy.
 Hard rubber soles for greasy, but not
dry or wet surfaces.
 Synthetic soles for many conditions,
but may not be recommended for oily
surfaces

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 Remember these rules of thumb:
 Well defined square leading
edges
 Wedge sole better for hospitals,
catering
 Minimum channel depth of 2mm

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Floor Treatments
 Pros and Cons for each
 Contact supplier for one that suites
your needs best
 Etching
 Paint or Epoxy compounds
 Broom finishing of concrete

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Floor Treatments
 Abrasive granules coating
 Carpet
 All must be properly maintained
and inspected to perform at
optimum

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Floor Maintenance/Inspection
 Responsibility must be assigned
 Floor manufacturer is the best
resource for determining what
product is best
 Many new hard surface floor care
products have built in traction
enhancing properties

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Floor Maintenance/Inspection
 Periodic inspection must be conducted.
It can be part of the walk through
inspection checklist.
 Damaged portions should be clearly
identified and barricaded.
 Prompt repairs or replacement should
be made.
 Accountability must be placed with
management for follow up of repair
completion.

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Slip Resistance Measurement
 The lower the number, the more
slippery it is considered
 Scientific community debates- which is
better
 Measure Static Coefficient of Friction
(force to move an object from
resting)
 Measure Dynamic Coefficient of
Friction (force to keep an object in
motion)

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 Types of commonly found machines
 The James Machine-measures static
COF
 Must be used precisely
 Accurate in controlled environment
 Not portable
 Dry testing only

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 Horizontal Dynamometers
 Weighted sensor pulled across
stationary surface
 Pros-Portable, wet/dry readings
 Cons-User error, affected by
other factors

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 Sellmaier- newer model
 Electronic, easy to use, portable,
wet/dry testing, graphic output
 Can measure COF>1.0, impacted
by wet testing
 Expensive

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Prevention of Falls from
Heights
 Stairs
 Step stools
 Ladders
 Portables

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Heights
 Stairs
 Keep stairs clear of debris and
potentially slippery substances
 Don’t allow employees to “skip” stairs
to save steps & use handrails
 Stairs should be installed with OSHA
specified railings and meet width and
step height requirements

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Heights
 Stairs
 Maintain regular and emergency
lighting
 Inspect stairs and stairways
periodically
 Make sure any added slip resistant
materials are in good condition
 Make sure handrails are secure

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Step Stools
 Use step stools with handrails, if
possible, avoid single step stool
 Keep assessable and inform
employees of location
 Wide step base is preferred
 Limit load to be accessed, don’t
reach above shoulder height

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Ladders-Portables
 Make sure ladder is set up on firm
level base
 Inspect ladder before climbing for
any damage
 If damaged, immediately tag “Do
not Use” and remove from work
area

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Ladders - Portables
 When climbing ladders, maintain 3
point contact
 2 hands and 1 foot on ladder
 1 hand and 2 feet on ladder
 Put tools in tool belt

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Ladders - Portables
 Don’t reach outside your center of
balance
 Move the ladder when the work
requires it
 Never stand on top step
 Training
 Employees are to be trained by
competent person in proper ladder
use and inspection procedures

133
$afety Pays
Direct Cost: ______
Indirect Cost: ______
Total Cost: ______
Profit Margin: ______
The ADDITIONAL SALES necessary to cover:
Indirect Cost: ______
Total Cost: ______

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$afety Pays
Direct Cost: $8,540
Indirect Cost: _______
Total Cost: _______
Profit Margin: _______
Total Cost: _______

135
$afety Pays
Direct Cost: $8,540
Indirect Cost: $17,080
Total Cost: ______
Total Cost: _______

136
$afety Pays
Direct Cost: $8,540
Total Cost: $25,620
Total Cost: _______

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$afety Pays
Direct Cost: $8,540
Total Cost: $25,620
Profit Margin: __7%__
Total Cost: _______

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$afety Pays
Direct Cost: $8,540
Total Cost: $26,620
Indirect Cost: $244,000.00
Total Cost: __________

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$afety Pays
Direct Cost: $8,540
Total Cost: $26,620
Indirect Cost: $244,000.00
Total Cost: $366,000.00

You Spend One-Third of
Your Day at Work …
Make It a Safe Day!

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If you are complacent – Incidents will rise in frequency and severity
THE END

!SlipTripFall 032006 COM.ppt

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